Scientic and Medical Research Published 1950-2003

Legend: † Denotes human studies with bovine colostrum

Immunoglobulins & Antibodies:

Immunoglobulins/antibodies from colostrum attach themselves to pathogenic microbes on the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, preventing them from passing through the intestinal walls and gaining access to the body’s tissues. The specific immunoglobulins present in colostrum include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, Secretory IgE, IgA and IgM, and IgA specific helper. In conclusion, these antibodies prevent infection and give the recipient passive immunity.

O'Handley RM, Ceri H, Anette C, & Olson ME. (2003, Apr 18). Passive immunity and serological immune response in dairy calves associated with natural Giardia duodenalis infections. Vet Parasitol, 113(2), 89-98.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum contains a high level of anti-Giardia antibodies and exhibits anti-Giardia activity in vitro.

Casswall TH, Nilsson HO, Bjorck L, Sjostedt S, Xu L, Nord CK, Boren T, Wadstrom T, & Hammarstrom L. (2002, Dec). Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scand J Gastroenterol, 37(12), 1380-5.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostral antibodies against H. pylori can be generated in high titres, inhibit binding in vitro (up to 95%) and can eradicate or reduce the number of bacteria in infected mice.

Funatogawa K, Ide T, Kirikae F, Saruta K, Nakano M, & Kirikae T. (2002). Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiol Immunol, 46(11), 761-6.

ABSTRACT:  The results of this study indicate that oral administration of bovine colostrum effectively protects mice against food-borne infections by inhibiting bacterial attachment to the intestinal mucous membrane, colonization and growth in the intestinal tract.

He F, Tuomola E, Arvilommi H, & Salminen S. (2001, Aug). Modulation of human humoral immune response through orally administered bovine colostrum. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 31(2), 93-6. †

ABSTRACT:  Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomized into two treatment groups and consumed liquid prepackaged bovine colostrum whey and placebo for 7 days. On days 1, 3 and 5, an attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a oral vaccine was given to all subjects to mimic an enteropathogenic infection. There was a trend towards greater increase in specific IgA among the subjects receiving their vaccine with bovine colostrum. These results suggest that bovine colostrum may possess some potential to enhance human special immune responses.

Honorio-Franca AC, Launay P, Carneiro-Sampaio MM, & Monteiro RC. (2001, Feb). Colostral neutrophils express Fc alpha receptors (CD89) lacking gamma chain association and mediate noninflammatory properties of secretory IgA. J Leukoc Biol, 69(2), 289-96.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum plays an important role in protecting newborn infants against acute gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. IgA antibodies have been considered the major effector component; however, the role of their receptors on colostral phagocytes, especially neutrophils, has not been studied. These results reveal exclusive expression of gamma-less Fc alphaR on colostral neutrophils associated with receptor hyperoccupation by IgA and with low, bacterial-killing activity, which suggest that this receptor may mediate noninflammatory effects of SIgA.

Lilius EM, & Marnila P. (2001, Jun). The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 14(3), 295-300.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens, in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Alfsen A, Iniguez P, Bouguyon E, & Bomsel M. (2001, May 15). Secretory IgA specific for a conserved epitope on gp41 envelope glycoprotein inhibits epithelial transcytosis of HIV-1. J Immunol, 166(10), 6257-65.

ABSTRACT:  The results of this study underscore the important role of secretory IgA in designing strategies for mucosal protection against HIV-1 infection.

Nagao AT, Friedlander-Del Nero D, Arslanian C, & Carneiro-Sampaio MM. (2001, Jun). Elevated levels and different repertoire profile of colostral anti-LPS antibodies may have a significant role in compensating newborn immunity. Scand J Immunol, 53(6), 602-9.

ABSTRACT:  A high prevalence of systemic infections caused by enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli is observed during the neonatal period. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the major factors responsible for septic shock caused by these Gram-negative bacteria. We have recently demonstrated the presence of anti-LPS immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies in maternal colostrum and serum. Colostral antibodies recognize much more bands than serum antibodies. This may be important for the host to mount an effective immune response in the intestinal lumen, in order to prevent excessive absorption of LPS, reducing possible systemic effects caused by the molecule. Identical pattern of recognition was obtained comparing the IgA and IgM isotypes in colostrum.

Pacyna, J., Siwek, K., Terry, S.J., Roberton, E.S., Johnson, R.B., & Davidson, G.P. (2001, Feb). Survival of rotavirus antibody activity derived from bovine colostrum after passage through the human gastrointestinal tract. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 32(2), 162-7. †

ABSTRACT:  Rotavirus is a major cause of infectious diarrhea in young children. The results of this study show that the anti-rotavirus activity of hyperimmune colostrum survives the passage through the gut, and therefore may be used to prevent or treat infectious disease that affect the entire length of the GI tract.

Korhonen H, Marnila P, & Gill HS. (2000, Nov). Bovine milk antibodies for health. Br J Nutr, 84 Suppl 1, S135-46.

ABSTRACT:  The immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum provide the major antimicrobial protection against microbial infections and confer a passive immunity to the newborn calf until its own immune system matures. Bovine colostrum-based immune milk products have proven effective in prophylaxis against various infectious diseases in humans. Good results have been obtained with products targeted against rotavirus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Streptococcus mutans, Cryptosporidium parvum and Helicobacter pylori.

Korhonen H, Marnila P, & Gill HS. (2000, Nov). Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. Br J Nutr, 84Suppl 1, S75-80.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostrum contains three major classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM and IgA. Together with the antibodies absorbed from colostrum after birth, the complement system plays a crucial role in the passive immunisation of the newborn calf. The occurrence of haemolytic or bactericidal complement activity in bovine colostrum and milk has been demonstrated in several studies. This review deals with the characteristics of bovine Igs and the complement system to be exploited as potential ingredients for health-promoting functional foods.

Bitzan, M. M., Gold, B. D., Philpott, D. J., et al. (1998, April).  Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by Bovine Colostrum. J Infect Dis., 177, 955-61.

ABSTRACT:  Results indicate confirmation that colostrum can “kill” Helicobacter species bacteria.

Li-Chan, E. et al. (1995). Stability of bovine immunoglobulins to thermal treatment and processing.  Food Research International, 28(1), 9-16.

ABSTRACT:  Normal dairy processing does not harm Active Immune factors.

Breast Milk stimulates immunity. (1994). Science News, 133, 196.

ABSTRACT:  Researchers report evidence that colostrum stimulates babies own immune systems; it speeds maturation of B Lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) and primes them for production of antibodies, activates macrophages, and enhances growth and differentiation of cultured white blood cells.

Jochims, K., Kaup, F.J., & Drommer, W. (1994, Sept). Immunoelectron microscopical demonstration of the absorption of colostral IgG by small intestinal enterocytes in newborn rats. Res. Vet. Science, 57(2), 146-151.

ABSTRACT:  Reports the absorption of colostral IgG (immunoglobulin) by small intestine enterocytes in adult human subjects.

Quigley, J.D., Martin, K.R., Dowlen, H.H., Wallis, L.B., & Lamar, K. (1994). Immunoglobulin concentration, specific gravity, and nitrogen fractions of colostrum from Jersey cattle. J Diary Sci., 77(1), 264-9.

ABSTRACT:  Immunoglobulin concentrations in cows’ colostrum of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 65.8, 2.4, and 1.7 g/L, respectively.

Shield, J., Melville, C., Novelli, V., Anderson, G., Scheimberg, I., Gibb, D., & Milla, P. (1993, Oct). Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Arch Dis Child, 70(4), 451-3. †

ABSTRACT:  Hyperimmune bovine colostrum was administered to 4-year old with AIDS and severe diarrhea associated with cryptosporidiosis. There was permanent elimination of the parasite from the gut and clinical improvement in the diarrhea.

Dwyer, J.M. (1992, Jan). Manipulating the immune system with immune globulin. New England Journal of Medicine, 326(2), 107-16.

ABSTRACT:  Immunoglobulin has been used to successfully treat: Thrombocytopania, Anemia, Neutropania, Myasthania Gravis, Guillain Barre Syndrome, Multiple Sclerosis, Systematic Lupus Arythamatosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Bullus Pamphigoid, Kawasaki’s Syndrome, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Crohn’s disease, among others.

Rump, J.A., Arndt, R., Arnold, A., Bendick, C., Dichtelmuller, H., Franke, M., Helm, E.B., Jager, H., Kampmann, B., & Kolb, P. (1992, July). Treatment of diarrhea in HIV-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum. Clin Investig 70(7), 588-94. †

ABSTRACT:  A. Immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum (lactobin, biotest, Dreieich, FRG) contain high titres of antibodies against a wide range of bacterial, viral and protazoa pathogens, as well as against various bacterial toxins.  B. Lactobin is quite resistant to gastric acids.  C. Effective in the treatment of intestinal opportunistic infections associated with HIV and other immuno-suppressive disease.

Staak, C. (1992, July). Bovine colostrum and protection of young animals. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 105(7), 219-24.

ABSTRACT:  Calves that do not receive colostrum-immunoglobulins (Ig) die in 90% of cases. Feeding commercially prepared colostrum can provide immediate compensation. The application of vaccine(s) directly into the mammary gland at lactation provokes specific IgA and IgM antibodies which are normally not channeled from the blood system of the mother into the colostrum. This kind of immunization may become more and more important.

Tacket, Binion, Bostwick, et al. (1992). Efficacy of bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness. Amer. Journal of Trop. Med. Hyg., 47(3), 276-283. †

ABSTRACT:  (Human trial) Orally administered bovine immunoglobulin protects against shigellosis and may be useful in preventing shigellosis among travelers.

Watson, D.L., Francis, G.L., & Ballard, F.J. (1992). Factors in ruminant colostrum that influence cell growth and murine IgE antibody responses. Journal of Diary Research , 59(3), 369-80. †

ABSTRACT:  The immune regulatory factors and cell-growth factors in bovine colostrum are transferable to humans and other species.

Heaton, P. (1990). Cryptosporidiosis and acute leukemia. Arch of Disease in Childhood, 65, 813. †

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostrum, with its rich source of immunoglobulins, was used to treat 3-year old with diarrhea caused by cryptosporidia; after 2 weeks of 100 ml 3 times daily the symptoms alleviated and the cryptosporidia tests were negative. Bovine colostrum may provide an effective, convenient method by which immunology can be administered.

Ushijima et al. (1990, March). Immunoglobulin components and anti viral activities in bovine colostrum. Japanese National Health Institute, Dept. of Enteroviruses, 64(3), 274-9. †

ABSTRACT:  IgG, IgM, and IgA were found in bovine colostrum; anti-human adenovirus antibody was not found. Oral treatment with colostrum found to be effective against rotavirus gastroenteritis (the leading cause of diarrhea worldwide).

Davidson, G.P., et al. (1989, Sept). Passive Immunization of Children with Bovine Colostrum Containing Antibodies to Human Rotavirus. The Lancet, 2(8665), 709-712. †

ABSTRACT:  In a 10-day controlled study, children fed bovine colostrum did not get rotavirus while 13.8% of those who were fed an artificial infant formula acquired the virus.

Brandtzaeg, P. (1983, June). The Secretory Immune System of Lactating Human Mammary Glands Compared with other Exocrine Organs. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 409, 353-378. †

ABSTRACT:  Immunoglobulins are able to neutralize the most harmful bacteria, viruses, and yeasts. Immune factors present in the mother are transmitted to the infant in colostrum and breast milk until its immune system is operative.

Cruz, et al. (1983). Specific Immune Response in Human Milk to Oral Immunization with Food Protein. Annals of NY Academy of Sciences, 409, 808-809.

ABSTRACT:  Immune factors from the mother’s blood serum are added to mammary secretions.

Ebina, et al. (1983). Prevention of Rotavirus Infection by Cow Colostrum Containing Antibody Against Human Rotavirus. The Lancet, 29(2), 1029-1030.

ABSTRACT:  Japanese researchers exposed cattle to oral doses of rotavirus which causes severe diarrhea and bowel inflammation in humans. Colostrum from these cows contained antibodies which, when fed to humans, prevented them from getting rotavirus.

Ogra, P. L., Lesonsky, G. A., & Fishaut, M. (1983). Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of NY Academy of Sciences, 82-95.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum provided specific antibody reactivity to the bacteria, viruses and yeasts responsible for the following conditions: Appendicitis, Aseptic or Viral Meningitis, Bronchitis, Bronchial or Viral Pneumonia, Candida Albicans, Chicken Pox, Cholera, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Diphtheria, Gastroenteritis, Japanese B Encephalitis, Mucus Membrane Infections, Parathyroidism, Pneumonia, Polio, Septicemia (blood poisoning), Tetanus, Typhoid, Viral Myelitis, and Whooping cough.

Majundar, et al. (1982). Protective Properties of Anticholera Antibodies in Human Colostrum. Infection and Immunology, 36(3), 962-965.

ABSTRACT:  Mothers in India exposed to cholera passed on protective antibodies to their newborn which prevented them from getting the disease.

McClead, R., et al. (1982). Resistance of Bovine Anti-Cholera Toxin IgG l (Anti-CT) to in Vitro and In Vivo Proteolysis. Pediatric Research, 6(4), 227.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum from cows exposed to cholera contained IgG antibodies which protected against that type of cholera.

Theodore, C., et al. (1982). Immunologic Aspects of Colostrum and Milk: Development of Antibody Response to Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) and Bovine Serum Albumin in the Human and Rabbit mammary Gland. Raven Press, NY. †

ABSTRACT:  People and animals exposed to RSV virus, often responsible for bronchitis and pneumonia, developed IgA and IgG (immunoglobulin) antibodies against this virus in their colostrum.

Dluholucky, S. et al. (1980). Antimicrobial activity of colostrum after the administration of inactive Escherichia Coli oral vaccine to expectant mothers. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 55, 458-460. †

ABSTRACT:  Mothers developed immune factors on mucosal sources that enter blood serum and concentrate in expectant mothers’ mammary glands. Describes how colostrum may develop immunities.

Khazenson, L.B., Gennad'eva, T.I., Roshchin, V.V., Krasheniuk, A.I., & Semenova, N.L. (1980). Activity of bovine colostral IgG in the human digestive tract. Microbial & Epidemial Immunobiology, 9, 101-106. †

ABSTRACT:  The biological activity of IgG (immunoglobulin) is preserved in the digestive secretions of adults receiving bovine colostrum orally. This indicates passive enteral (intestinal) immunization for the prevention and treatment of acute intestinal diseases.

Morris, J. A. et al. (1980). Passive Protection of Lambs Against Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 13(2), 265-271.

ABSTRACT:   Mother sheep and cows given doses of E. coli orally developed antibodies for E. coli in their colostrum. When nursing offspring were then dosed with E. coli, immune factors from the mothers’ colostrum prevented the E. coli from attaching to the bowel wall and protection resulted.

Palmer, E. L. et al. (1980) Antiviral Activity of Colostrum and Serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology, 5, 123-129.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum has an enteric secretory virus antibody that acts against viral invaders. A wide range of antiviral factors were acknowledged to be present in colostrum. This research was done at the US Government’s Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia.

McClead, R. et al. (1979). Pediatrics Research, 13(4), 464. †

ABSTRACT:  Human clinical study completed using immunoglobulins and antibodies from cow colostrum proving its effectiveness against disease-causing bacteria. It was demonstrated that immune factors in cow colostrum, when taken orally, are effective against disease-causing organisms in the intestinal tract.  Their report concludes, “Ingestion of bovine Colostrum immunoglobulins - may be a new method of providing passive immuno-protection against a host of gut-associated antigens.”

Harper, H.A., et al. (1977). Analysis of immunoglobulins and how they work in the defense of disease. Review of Physiology Chemistry.

ABSTRACT: Showed the body’s key immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, and Secretory IgA contain “Y” shaped proteins with special adaptive sites on the ends of their arms that are effective at neutralizing different types of bacteria, viruses, and yeast.  Sic: (In 1983 it was discovered that (bovine) colostrum contained all four key immunoglobulins and that they were not species specific).

Bruce, C.E. (1969, Feb). Natural History.

ABSTRACT:  Dr. Bruce demonstrates that human colostrum contains only 2% IgG (the body’s most important immunoglobulin) while cow colostrum contains a phenomenal up to 40 times that amount.

Sabin, A. B. et al. (1962). Antipoliomylitic activity of human and bovine Colostrum and milk. Pediatrics, 29, 105-115. †

ABSTRACT:  Dr. Sabin isolated antipolio antibodies in bovine colostrum, and a successful oral vaccine was prepared.

Sabin, A. B. (1950). Antipoliomylitic substance in milk from human beings and certain cows. Journal of Diseases of Children, 80, 866. †

ABSTRACT:  As early as 1950 Dr. Albert Sabin, a discoverer of polio vaccine, reported an antipolio substance in the milk of cows, despite the fact that cows do not get poliomyelitis.

Lactoferrin:

Lactoferrin is a powerful natural anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory substance. It deprives harmful bacteria of the iron that they need to live and reproduce. It promotes the growth of bifidobacterium, a friendly intestinal bacteria. It is also an iron chelator, meaning that it delivers iron to cells that need it and removes excess iron from the bloodstream.

Di Biase AM, Pietrantoni A, Tinari A, Siciliano R, Valenti P, Antonini G, Seganti L, & Superti F. (2003, Apr). Heparin-interacting sites of bovine lactoferrin are involved in anti-adenovirus activity. J Med Virol, 69(4), 495-502.

ABSTRACT:  Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein that plays an important role in immune regulation and in defense mechanisms against viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The anti-adenovirus action of lactoferrin took place on virus attachment to cell membrane… and alone is sufficient to prevent infection.

Challacombe SJ, & Sweet SP. (2002). Oral mucosal immunity and HIV infection: current status. Oral Dis 8 Suppl 2, 55-62.

ABSTRACT:  The majority of infections associated with HIV disease are initiated at mucosal surfaces. Lactoferrin, along with other immune factors, may be significant in protecting mucosal surfaces making it a useful candidate virucide in topical preparations.

Lin TY, Chu C, & Chiu CH. (2002, Oct). Lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro. J Infect Dis 15;186(8), 1161-4.

ABSTRACT:  Enterovirus 71 (EV71) appears to be emerging as an important virulent enterovirus, whereas no effective vaccine or antiviral agents are yet available. Lactoferrin is found to be a potent inhibitor of EV71 infection, most likely at the level of viral adsorption.

Nozaki A, Tanaka K, Naganuma A, & Kato N. (2002, Apr). Recent advances of basic research and clinical application of lactoferrin as an antiviral reagent against chronic hepatitis C. Nippon Rinsho, 60(4), 819-29.

ABSTRACT:  Lactoferrin is a promising candidate for adjuvant therapy with interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), as it is shown to interact with the HCV and inhibit it.

Tsuda H, Sekine K, Fujita K, & Ligo M. (2002). Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms--a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochem Cell Biol 80(1), 131-6.

ABSTRACT:  In experimental studies, bovine lactoferrin (bLF) has been found to significantly inhibit colon, esophagus, lung, and bladder carcinogenesis in rats when administered orally in the post-initiation stage. Furthermore, bLF has been found to exert anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity in a preliminary clinical trial in patients with chronic active hepatitis due to this virus, a main causative factor in hepatocellular carcinoma development in Japanese. More extensive clinical trials are now underway to further explore the preventative potential against colon carcinogenesis.

Seganti L, Di Biase AM, Rega B, De Giulio B, Nicoletti M, Antonini G, & Valenti P. (2001, May-Aug). Involvement of bovine lactoferrin moieties in the inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 14(2), 71-79.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein that inhibits the herpes simplex virus type 1.

Murphy, M.E., Kariwa, H., Mizutani, T., Yoshimatsu, K., Arikawa, J., & Takashima, I. (2000) In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Lactoferrin and Ribavirin upon Hantavirus. Archives of Virology, 145(8), 1571-82.

ABSTRACT:  These results show that lactoferrin has anti-hantaviral activity and inhibits viral adsorption to cells.

Wada, T., Aiba, Y., Shimizu, K., Takagi, A., Miwa, T. & Koga, Y. (1999). The Therapeutic Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin in the Host Infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandanavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 34(3), 238-43.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine lactoferrin exerts an inhibitory effect on colonizing H. pylori by detaching the bacterium from the gastric epithelium and by exerting a direct anti-bacterial effect.

Swart PJ, Kuipers EM, Smit C, Van Der Strate BW, Harmsen MC, & Meijer DK. (1998). Lactoferrin. Antiviral activity of lactoferrin. Adv Exp Med Biol, 443, 205-13.

ABSTRACT:  Lactoferrins (Lfs) purified from colostrum and milk were able to completely block HCMV replication as well as inhibit HIV-1 induced cytopathic effects. Also, all lactoferrin samples showed strong anti-viral activity.

Harmsen MC, Swart PJ, de Bethune MP, Pauwels R, De Clercq E, The TH, & Meijer DK. (1995, Aug). Antiviral effects of plasma and milk proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. J Infect Dis, 172(2), 380-8.

ABSTRACT:  Lactoferrin from cow or human colostrum and milk shown to completely block human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and also inhibit the cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1.

Harmsen, Pieter, et al. (1995).  Antiviral Effects of Plasma and Milk Proteins. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172, 380-8.

ABSTRACT:  Lactoferrin shows potent activity against both Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Human Cytomegalovirus replication in vitro.

Walker. (1995, Aug). Infectious bugs are back but there’s a remedy. Townsend Letter for Doctors, 42-45.

ABSTRACT:  Infectious organisms are becoming antibiotic resistant. Lactoferrin is one of the strongest and most active antimicrobial cationic proteins that stimulate the immune system. Lactoferrin is: 1) iron binding that deprives bacteria of this essential growth mineral (nearly all bacteria cannot grow without iron); 2) directly antibacterial through systemic immune responses, 3) capable of inactivating bacteria by increasing bacterial membrane permeability so that it can be neutralized by the body’s natural immune functions. Lactoferrin is highly resistant to digestion and passes intact to intestine where it does its work.

Appelmelk, B. J., et al. (1994, June). Lactoferrin Is a Lipid A-Binding Protein. Infection and Immunity, 62(6), 2628-2632.

ABSTRACT: This research shows that lactoferrin acts as a preventative against ingested bacteria.

Brodie, A.M., Ainscough, E.W., Baker, E.N., Baker, H.M., Shongwe, M.S., & Smith C.A. (I994). Synergism and substitution in the lactoferrins. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 357, 33-44.

ABSTRACT: Oxalate and hybrid complexes exist in the human body. Oxalate can displace carbonate from either on or both anion sites depending on the oxalate concentration, but no such displacement occurs for Fe2 although it does for bovine Lactoferrin.

Hasewaga, K., Moshuchi, W., Tanaka, S., & Dosako, S. (1994, April). Inhibition with Lactoferrin of in Vitro Infection with Human Herpes Virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 472, 735.

ABSTRACT:  Lactoferrin can inhibit viral infections, including the human herpes virus.

Ushijima, et al. (1991, Jan). Dept. of Enteroviruses. Japanese National Health Institute, 65(1,) 54-60.

ABSTRACT: Significant bacteriostatic activity of bovine colostrum:  Immunoglobulin, Lactoferrin and Lactoferrin Fe.  Lactoferrin was found to be an even more effective antibacterial than immunoglobulin. (Immunoglobulin is more effective against viruses).

Hamilton, Whitney & Sizer. (1985). Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies, West Pub.

ABSTRACT: (Bovine) Colostrum contains active Lactobacillus Bifidus and a bifidus factor that favors the growth of friendly intestinal bacteria. Also, lactoferrin in colostrum prevents invading bacteria from getting iron they need to reproduce.

Moldoveanu, Zina, et al. (1983). Antibacterial Properties of Milk: IgA-Peroxidase Lactoferrin Interactions. Annals of NY Academy of Sciences, 409, 848-850.

ABSTRACT:  Combination of peroxidase, lactoferrin and IgA in (bovine) Colostrum produces strong combined antibacterial effect. Peroxidase enzymes oxidize bacteria by generating the release of Hydrogen peroxide which burns up (hydrolyses) harmful bacteria.

Spik, G. et al. (1983). Bacteriostasis of a milk-sensitive Strain of E. coli by Immunoglobulins and Iron-binding Proteins in Association. Immunology, 35(4), 663-671.

ABSTRACT:  (Bovine) colostrum contains a special iron binding protein called lactoferrin shown to be highly antibacterial. The combination of IgG and Lactoferrin in colostrum is bacteriostatic for E. coli.

Cytokines:
Cytokines are proteins responsible for regulating the immune response by increasing T-cell activity and stimulating production of immunoglobulins. They also can help stimulate the death of some tumors.

Calhoun, D.A. (2002). Enteral administration of hematopoietic growth factors in the neonatal intensive care unit. Acta Paediatr Supple, 91(438), 43-53.

ABSTRACT:  Various cytokines in colostrum have gastro-intestinal trophic (nutritional) effects.

Barrington GM, & Parish SM. (2001, Nov). Bovine neonatal immunology. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 17(3), 463-76.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum contains large numbers of immune cells and cytokines. At birth, the neonate is exposed to many potential pathogens and must depend on passively acquired maternal immunoglobulins, cytokines, immune cells and other substances from colostrum for protection.

Kelleher SL, & Lonnerdal B. (2001). Immunological activities associated with milk. Adv Nutr Res, 10, 39-65.

ABSTRACT:  Currently there is much interest in determining the protective efficacy of oral supplementation with immunoglobulins from the colostrum or milk of lactating animals. An array of immunostimulatory components and anti-inflammatory factors in colostrum and milk, notably cytokines, interact synergistically to protect both the mammary gland and the offspring from invading pathogenic microorganisms.

Takahata Y, Takada H, Nomura A, Ohshima K, Nakayama H, Tsuda T, Nakano H, & Hara T. (2001, Aug). Interleukin-18 in human milk. Pediatr Res, 50(2), 268-72.

ABSTRACT:  We analyzed Interleukin-18 (IL-18) - a cytokine - levels of human milk. Colostrum contained significantly higher levels of IL-18 compared with early milk and mature milk. These results suggest that IL-18 in colostrum plays an important role in host defense of high-risk neonates.

Hagiwara, K., Kataoka, S., Yamanaka, H., Kirisawa, R., & Iwai H. (2000, Oct. 31). Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 76(3-4), 183-90.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum contains high levels of cytokines that could be produced and secreted in the mammary gland and that may have an immunomodulatory activity and influence neonatal immunity.

Bocci, V., von Bremen, K., Corradeschi, F., Luzzi, E., & Paulesu, L. (1991, Oct-Dec). What is the role of cytokines in human colostrum? Journal Biology Regul. Homeost. Agents, 5(4), 121-4.

ABSTRACT:  At least 4 Cytokines (interleukin 1 and 6, tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma) are present in colostrum that may exert an important immunostimulatory role, providing benefit to aged or immunodeficient people.

Zhang, T., Iguchi, K., Mochizuki, T. et al. (1990).  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and it’s associated peptide (GAP) immunoreactivity in bovine colostrum. Society for Experimental Biology & Medicine, 194(3), 270-3.

ABSTRACT: GnRH and GAP play important role in the release of Cytokines (Immune messengers used to elevate immune activity); they also serve both ANTIVIRAL AND ANTITUMOR functions.

Leukocytes:
Leukocytes are white blood cells that help the body fight infections and diseases. They stimulate the production of interferon, slowing viral reproduction and inhibiting their penetration of cellular walls.

Sugisawa H, Itou T, & Sakai T. (2001, Feb). Promoting effect of colostrum on the phagocytic activity of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Biol Neonate, 79(2), 140-4.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostrum contains a variety of essential nutrients, antibodies, cytokines, hormones, and growth factors that are important for nutrient supply, host defense, growth and for general neonatal adaptation. These results indicate that bovine colostrum strongly activates polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis (engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign substances), suggesting the concernment with development of nonspecific immune system in newborns.

Lawton, et al. (1979).  Interferon Synthesis by Human Colostral Leukocytes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 54, 127-130.

ABSTRACT: Exposure of Colostrum leukocytes to certain mitogens stimulated production of interferon, the substance that slows or prevents viral growth.

Ho, P. C. &  Lawton, J. W. M. (1978). Human Colostral Cells. Journal  of Pediatrics, 93(6), 910-15. †

ABSTRACT: Doctors, in hospital use, showed that colostrum Leukocytes are effective against E. Coli and the yeast Candia albicans.

Piasecki E, Inglot AD, Winiarska M, Krukowska K, Janusz M, & Lisowski J. (1997). Coincidence between spontaneous release of interferon and tumor necrosis factor by colostral leukocytes and the production of a colostrinine by human mammary gland after normal delivery. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 45(1), 109-17.

ABSTRACT:  It is generally understood that the various factors present in colostrum play a pivotal role in transmitting of passive or active immunity from mother to child. This paper shows that leukocytes, isolated from human colostrum donated by healthy mothers at 1-9 days after delivery, produced IFNs and tumor necrosis factors (TFNs) spontaneously.

Colostrinin (PRP):

Proline rich polypeptide (PRP), also known as colostrinin, regulates the thymus, balancing an overactive or underactive immune system. It has been shown to reduce Alzheimer’s symptoms, and improve memory and cognition.

Leszek, J., Inglot, A.D., Janusz, M., Byczkiewicz, F., Kiejna, A., Georgiades, J., & Lisowski, J. (2002, Oct). Colostrinin proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine colostrum--a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. Med Sci Monit, 8(10), I93-6.  †

ABSTRACT: Colostrinin, a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) isolated from colostrum, with immunoregulatory and procognitive properties, has shown positive effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Colostrinin is a very promising preparation which can be used to retard the development of AD.

Kruzel, M.L., Janusz, M., Lisowski, J., Fischleigh, R.V., & Georgiades, J.A. (2001, Dec). Towards an understanding of biological role of colostrinin peptides. J Mol Neurosci,17(3), 379-89.

ABSTRACT:  Based on the results of these studies we postulate that colostrinin represents a diverse group of peptides produced in the mammary gland of mammals for the development of the optimal physiologic responses in offspring. Also, recent findings show colostrinin’s beneficial use in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).

Zablocka, A., Janusz, M., Rybka, K., Wirkus-Romanowska, I., Kupryszewski, G., & Lisowski, J. (2001). Cytokine-inducing activity of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum and its active nonapeptide fragment analogs. Eur Cytokine Netw,12(3), 462-7.

ABSTRACT:  A complex of proline-rich polypeptides (PRP) was isolated from ovine colostrum in our laboratory and was shown to possess immunomodulatory properties and psychotropic activity, including beneficial effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Popik P, Bobula B, Janusz M, Lisowski J, & Vetulani J. (1999, Sep). Colostrinin, a polypeptide isolated from early milk, facilitates learning and memory in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 64(1), 183-9.

ABSTRACT:  Initial observations in humans indicated that colostrinin, a complex of polypeptides derived from colostrum, facilitates cognitive functioning in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This study shows that it also facilitates acquisition of spatial learning and incidental learning. Thus it may have some beneficial effects on cognitive functioning.

Orzechowska, B., Janusz, M., Domaraczenko, B., & Blach-Olszewska, Z. (1998, April). Antiviral effect of proline-rich polypeptide in murine resident peritoneal cells. Acta Virol, 42(2), 75-8.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrinin, or PRP, is shown to inhibit viral replication.

Inglot AD, Janusz M, & Lisowski J. (1996). Colostrinin: a proline-rich polypeptide from colostrum is a modest cytokine inducer in human leukocytes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 44(4), 215-24.

ABSTRACT:  In mice, PRP has many regulatory effects on the humoral and cellular immune response. The present paper describes PRP as a cytokine inducer. PRP at concentration of 1-100 micrograms/ml was found to induce production of interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human peripheral blood leukocytes and in whole blood cultures. Our observations suggest that PRP from colostrum is active in humans and may have therapeutic value as an immunostimulant and/or neurotropic cytokine.

Janusz M & Lisowski J. (1993).  Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP)--an immunomodulatory peptide from colostrum. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz), 41(5-6), 275-9.

ABSTRACT:  Findings:  A. New immunomodulatory peptide found in bovine colostrum: Proline-Rich Polypeptide (PRP).  B. Not Species specific (transferable to human use).  C. PRP increases permeability of skin vessels.  D. Causes differentiation of murine thymocytes into functionally active T cells.  E. Simultaneously changes surface markers and function of cells.   F. Results shown in treatment of auto-immune disorders and sarcoma S-180 (cancer).  G. Important Immune modulator: stimulates underactive immune system, tones down an overactive one.

Zimecki M, Hraba T, Janusz M, Lisowski J, & Wieczorek Z. (1991). Effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the development of hemolytic anemia and survival of New Zealand black (NZB) mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 39(5-6), 461-7.

ABSTRACT:  This study shows the effect of PRP on prolonging survival of mice showing first signs of disease (Coomb’s reaction). The results suggest that PRP may induce, from a precursor pool of cells, suppressor cells controlling development of the disease. In addition, the data indicate that PRP may have a therapeutical value in treatment of autoimmune disorders, e.g. the juvenile arthritis.

Julius MH, Janusz M, & Lisowski J. (1988, Mar). A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology, 140, 1366-71.

ABSTRACT:  PRP (Proline-rich Polypeptide) is the first protein of mammalian origin that induces the growth and differentiation of reacting B lymphocytes. PRP has been isolated from sheep and (cows) colostrum. PRP is not species specific. Spleanocytes from neonatal mice responded robustly to PRP with the growth and differentiation of contained B cells to plaque formation. PRP did not induce detectable Ig isotype switching.

Lisowski J, Wieczorek Z, Janusz M, & Zimecki M. (1988). Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) from ovine colostrum. Bi-directional modulation of binding of peanut agglutinin, resistance to hydrocortisone, and helper activity in murine thymocytes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 36(4), 381-93.

ABSTRACT:  A proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) isolated from colostrum has a regulatory effect on the immune response. This report demonstrates that PRP can cause bi-directional modulation of surface markers and function of murine thymocytes. Bi-directional effects of PRP on PNA-binding ability, sensitivity to hydrocortisone, and helper-suppressor function, makes this polypeptide unique among immuno-modulators known.

Zimecki M, Staroscik K, Janusz M, Lisowski J, & Wieczorek Z. (1983). The inhibitory activity of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the immune response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 31(6), 895-903.

ABSTRACT:   The effect of PRP on the humoral immune response to PVP was studied. It was found that PRP administered before immunization with PVP360 inhibits the immune response to this antigen. The studies revealed that PRP caused the increase of the activity of an "intrinsic" suppressor cells probably by enlarging the pool of these cells.

Oligosaccharides:

These are naturally occurring sugars in Colostrum, milk and Whey proteins that can inhibit the ability of harmful bacteria and viruses from adhering to mucosal surfaces (in throat, nose and GI tract).

Ruiz-Palacios GM, Cervantes LE, Ramos P, Chavez-Munguia B, & Newburg DS. (2003, Jan 31). Campylobacter jejuni binds intestinal H(O) antigen (Fuca1,2Galb1,4GlcNAc), and fucosyloligosaccharides of human milk inhibit its binding and infection. J Biol Chem, (epub ahead of print).

ABSTRACT:  The pathogen campylobacter must bind to the intestinal mucosa in order to cause infection of the host. Milk oligosaccharides inhibit this binding and may represent a novel class of antimicrobial agents.

Martin-Sosa S, Martin MJ, & Hueso P. (2002, Oct). The sialylated fraction of milk oligosaccharides is partially responsible for binding to enterotoxigenic and uropathogenic Escherichia coli human strains. J Nutr, 132(10), 3067-72.

ABSTRACT:  Milk oligosaccharides can act as soluble receptors that block bacterial adhesion to the different epithelia. Bovine milk oligosaccharides were also good inhibitors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains.

Walzem RL, Dillard CJ, German JB. (2002, Jul). Whey components: millennia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: what we know and what we may be overlooking. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 42(4), 353-75.

ABSTRACT:  Nutrition is undergoing a revolution owing to the recognition that some foods contain trophic, health-promoting factors distinct from essential nutrients. Milk is a complex food containing proteins, oligosaccharides, peptides and complex lipids that act as growth factors, antimicrobial and toxin-binding factors, prebiotics and immune regulatory factors.

Martin MJ, Martin-Sosa S, & Hueso P. (2002, Jan). Binding of milk oligosaccharides by several enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves. Glycoconj J, 19(1), 5-11.

ABSTRACT:  Milk oligosaccharides have been proposed to play an important role in newborn defense, blocking pathogens from adhering to the intestinal mucosa and thus preventing infections. Here bovine milk oligosaccharides achieved protective action against seven strains of the most common enteric pathogens.

Gopal PK, & Gill HS. (2000, Nov). Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. Br J Nutr, 84 Suppl 1, S69-74.

ABSTRACT:  Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates are some of the most important bioactive components in colostrum and milk. Their primary role seems to be in providing protection against pathogens by acting as competitive inhibitors for the binding sites on the epithelial surfaces of the intestine. It is likely that bovine oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates can be used in milk products as bioactive components in human nutrition.

Repp R, Tamura T, Boschek CB, Wege H, Schwarz RT, & Niemann H. (1985, Dec). The effects of processing inhibitors of N-linked oligosaccharides on the intracellular migration of glycoprotein E2 of mouse hepatitis virus and the maturation of corona virus particles. J Biol Chem, 260(29), 15873-9.

ABSTRACT:  With the presence of N-linked oligosaccharides, the glycoprotein E2 exhibits different antigenic properties.

Klapper, D.G. et al. (1983). Endocrinology, 112 (6):2215-7, 13-18.

ABSTRACT:  Oligosaccharides in colostrum bind many types of bacteria and prevent them from attaching to or entering the body through the mucosal membranes.

Lactoperoxidase:

An enzyme that oxidizes bacteria and viruses. This powerful antimicrobial does not allow pathogens to become immune to its destructive forces.

Garcia-Graells C, Van Opstal I, Vanmuysen SC, & Michiels CW. (2003, Mar). The lactoperoxidase system increases efficacy of high-pressure inactivation of foodborne bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol, 81(3), 211-21.

ABSTRACT:  The lactoperoxidase system has potential to improve the bactericidal efficiency of high-pressure treatment for food preservation. The LP system had a growth inhibiting effect on the bacteria E. coli MG1655, L. innocua, S. aureus, L. plantarum and E. faecalis, or a bactericidal effect on P. fluorescens.

Wijkstrom-Frei C, El-Chemaly S, Ali-Rachedi R, Gerson C, Cobas MA, Forteza R, Salathe M, & Conner GE. (2003, Mar). Lactoperoxidase and Human Airway Host Defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, [epub ahead of print].

ABSTRACT:  The lactoperoxidase (LPO) antibiotic system is a well-characterized component of mammary and salivary gland secretions. A functional LPO system exists in human airways and may contribute to airway host defense against infection.

McLay JC, Kennedy MJ, Orourke AL, Elliot RM, & Simmonds RS. (2002, Feb). Inhibition of bacterial foodborne pathogens by the lactoperoxidase system in combination with monolaurin. Int J Food Microbiol, 73(1), 1-9.

ABSTRACT:  The lactoperoxidase system (LPS) and monolaurin (ML) are potential natural antimicrobial agents for use in foods. The LPS is considered to have greatest activity against Gram-negative bacteria, inhibiting growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus.

Tenovuo J. (2002, Jan). Clinical applications of antimicrobial host proteins lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and lactoferrin in xerostomia: efficacy and safety. Oral Dis, 8(1), 23-9.

ABSTRACT:  Lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and lysozyme are defense proteins known to exert a wide antimicrobial activity against a number of viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens in vitro. These antimicrobials have been purified from bovine colostrum and then incorporated as natural preservatives in foods and pharmaceuticals.

van Hooijdonk AC, Kussendrager KD, & Steijns JM. (2000, Nov). In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. Br J Nutr, 84 Suppl 1, S127-34.

ABSTRACT:  This study shows in vivo evidence of the antiviral and antimicrobial activity of bovine colostrum and milk derived components, especially lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin. These components are very promising, naturally occurring antimicrobials for use in functional foods and oral hygiene.

Gerson C, Sabater J, Scuri M, Torbati A, Coffey R, Abraham JW, Lauredo I, Forteza R, Wanner A, Salathe M, Abraham WM, & Conner GE. (2000, Jun). The lactoperoxidase system functions in bacterial clearance of airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 22(6), 665-71.

ABSTRACT:  This study suggests that the lactoperoxidase (LPO) system, obtained in cow’s milk or colostrum, is a major contributor to airway defenses. This discovery may have significant implications for chronic airway colonization seen in respiratory diseases.

Roger V, Tenovuo J, Lenander-Lumikari M, Soderling E, & Vilja P. (1994). Lysozyme and lactoperoxidase inhibit the adherence of Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 (serotype c) to saliva-treated hydroxyapatite in vitro. Caries Res, 28(6), 421-8.

ABSTRACT:  Lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and salivary peroxidase inhibit the metabolism and growth of mutans streptococci. The strongest inhibition of adhesion was found when both saliva-coated apatite and bacteria were pretreated with lactoperoxidase.

Yamaguchi Y, Semmel M, Stanislawski L, Strosberg AD, & Stanislawski M. (1993, Jan). Virucidal effects of glucose oxidase and peroxidase or their protein conjugates on human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 37(1), 26-31.

ABSTRACT:  These in vitro finding demonstrate that the peroxidase (lactoperoxidase or myeloperoxidase)-H202-halide system provides potent virucidal activity against HIV-1.

Other immune factors:

Numerous other immune factors exist in colostrum, including lysozymes, C3, C4, lymphokines, interferon Y, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), glycoproteins, kappa casein, alpha LA, gamma globulin, gamma interferon, B lactoglobulin, lactalbumin, neutrophils, B lymphocytes, macrophages, fibrinactin, mucins, non-specific inhibitors (NSIs), vitamins, minerals and amino acids to name some. Each immune factor has specific roles in enhancing the immune response; they work synergistically making whole colostrum greater than any of its individual components.

Rokka S, Korhonen BH, Nousiainen J, Marnila P. (2001, Aug). Colostral whey concentrate supplement increases complement activity in the sera of neonatal calves. J Dairy Res, 68(3), 357-67.

ABSTRACT:  This study concluded that the antibody independent complement activities of serum can be increased substantially by feeding colostral whey concentrate to calves during their first days of life.

Huffman SL, Zehner ER, & Victora C. (2001, Jun). Can improvements in breast-feeding practices reduce neonatal mortality in developing countries? Midwifery, 17(2), 80-92.

ABSTRACT:  In most developing countries, nearly all women breast feed in the first month of life, but often breast feeding is delayed beyond the first hour after birth, and exclusive breast feeding is not usually practiced. Policies and training of staff of maternity centres and hospitals can encourage early initiation of breast feeding (colostrum should be fed soon after birth) and exclusive breast feeding.

Cervato G, Cazzola R, & Cestaro B. (1999, Jul). Studies on the antioxidant activity of milk caseins. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 50(4), 291-6.

ABSTRACT:  The antioxidant properties of milk and colostrum casein subunits (alpha-casein, beta-casein and kappa-casein) seem to favor the autoxidation of iron, and thus inhibit lipid peroxidation.

Wilson, J. (1998). Immune System Breakthrough: Colostrum. Journal of Longevity, 4(2).

ABSTRACT:  The most effective colostrum is bovine. It’s much richer in immune factors than human colostrum, particularly in the body’s most important immunoglobulin, IgG (Sandholm, 1979).”  “Bovine colostrum can supply an overtaxed body with more immunoglobulins than human colostrum.”  “...Research at State Univ. of NY, Buffalo has shown that colostrum provides ‘specific antibody reactivity’ to certain bacteria, viruses and yeast responsible for conditions that affect the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, bones, and blood (Oraga, 1983).”  “IGF-1 has... anabolic, and tissue repair characteristics... IGF-1 is the only growth factor that can stimulate muscle growth and repair all by itself. Its role in differentiation, repair, synthesis, and interplay with other necessary growth factors, results in regenerative effects on nearly all structural cells of the body (Tollefsen, 1989).”  “COLOSTRUM HAS BEEN SHOWN CONCLUSIVELY TO HAVE A SYSTEMIC EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.”

Shortridge, Lawton, & Choi. (1990). Journal of Trop. Pediatrics, 36(2), 94-5.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum contains non-specific inhibitors (NSI’s) which are factors that are inhibitory for a wide range of respiratory illness, notably influenza viruses. Colostrum specifically cited for its unique effectiveness against potential deadly outbreaks of (new) Asian flu viruses that emerge from animal/human mutations.

Buescher, E. S., & McIlheran, S. M. (1988). Antioxidant Properties of Colostrum. Pediatric Research, 24(1), 14-19.

ABSTRACT: Colostrum found to contain numerous powerful, naturally occurring, antioxidants.

Acosta-Altamirano, et al. (1987). Antiamoebic Properties of Human Colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 216B, 1347-52.

ABSTRACT: Colostrum is effective against amoebic invaders.

Lie, S. (1986). Some properties of the lysozymes in colostrum from cows. Animal Genetics, 17, 47-59.

ABSTRACT: Lysozymes, fully expressed in colostrum, have high bacteriolytic activity and are heat stable in an acidic PH.

Kim, et al. (1985). In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralizing Activity of Human Colostrum and milk Against Purified Toxins A & B of Clostridium Difficile. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 150(1), 57-61.

ABSTRACT: Substances from colostrum neutralized the two main toxins of the infectious clostridium bacteria which cause illness.

Bouda, et al. (1980).  Vitamins E and C in the blood plasma of Cows. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 49(1-2), 53-58. Vitamin A and Carotene Metabolism in Cows. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 49(1-2), 45-52.

ABSTRACT: Vitamin E is 2.5 times greater in bovine colostrum than in milk. It helps protect the vitamin A and other ingredients from oxidation. Vitamin A in bovine colostrum is ten times greater the amount in serum. Vitamin A shown to restore and revitalize the thymus gland, the master gland of the immune system.

Samson, R. R. et al. (1975).  Immunology, 38(2): 291-296.

ABSTRACT: Dr. Samson and associates found colostrum was 21 times richer in Vitamin B-12 than milk. Research in 1975 confirmed that adequate B-12 in the body doubles the immune systems’ ability to fight disease.

GROWTH FACTORS: Implications in healing, performance and body composition

Alexander, A.N., Carey, H.V. (2002, May). Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates Na+-dependent glutamine absorption. Dig Dis Sci, 47(5), 1129-34.

ABSTRACT:  IGF-1 consumed orally enhances intestinal glutamine transport and absorption, which is useful when function of intestinal mucosa is compromised.

Mero A, Kahkonen J, Nykanen T, Parviainen T, Jokinen I, Takala T, Nikula T, Rasi S, & Leppaluoto J. (2002, Aug). IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. J Appl Physiol,93(2), 732-9. †

ABSTRACT:  Significant increases were noticed in serum IGF-1 and saliva IgA after bovine colostrum supplementation (20 g daily) during a 2 week training period.

Antonio J, Sanders MS, Van Gammered D. (2001).  The Effects of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation on Body Composition and Exercise Performance in Active Men and Women. Nutrition 17, 243-247. †

ABSTRACT:  Supplementation with bovine colostrum (20 g/day) in combination with exercise training may increase bone-free lean body mass in active men and women. Study participants taking colostrum for eight weeks experienced a significant increase in lean body mass.

Playford RJ, MacDonald CE, Calnan DP, Floyd DN, Podas T, Johnson W, Wicks AC, Bashir O, & Marchbank T. (2001, Jun). Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability. Clin Sci (Lond), 100(6), 627-33. †

ABSTRACT:  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective analgesics, but cause gastrointestinal injury. Present prophylactic measures are suboptimal; novel therapies are required. Bovine colostrum is an inexpensive, readily-available source of growth factors, which reduces gastrointestinal injury in rats and mice. We therefore examined whether spray-dried, defatted colostrum could reduce the rise in gut permeability (a non-invasive marker of intestinal injury) caused by NSAIDs in volunteers and patients taking NSAIDs for clinical reasons. These studies provide preliminary evidence that bovine colostrum, which is already currently available as an over-the-counter preparation, may provide a novel approach to the prevention of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage in humans.

Antonio J, PhD, CSCS.  (1998, May). Can Bovine Colostrum Enhance Levels of IGF-1? Muscle & Fitness. BODY BUILDING SCIENCE – From the Weider Research Group.

ABSTRACT:  Studies indicate that bovine colostrum supplementation can increase levels of IGF-1.

Pakkenen, R, Aalto, J.  (1997). Review Paper: Growth Factors and Antimicrobial Factors of Bovine Colostrum. International Dairy Journal.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum is rich in nutrients, antibodies and growth factors.  Colostrum contains insulin, transforming growth factor b and related growth factors.  Growth factors promote the growth and development of the newborn...  while antimicrobial factors provide passive immunity and protect against infections...

Mero A, Miikkulainen H, Riski J, Pakkanen R, Aalto J, &Takala T. (1997, Oct). Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-I, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training. J Appl Physiol, 83(4), 1144-51. †

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostrum supplement may increase serum IGF-1 concentration in athletes during strength and speed training.

Chaumeil C, Liotet S, & Kogbe O. (1994). Treatment of severe eye dryness and problematic eye lesions with enriched bovine colostrum lactoserum. Adv Exp Med Biol, 350, 595-9.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostrum lactoserum showed to be effective treatment for eye infections, reduction in glaucoma, reduction in scarring after injury or surgery, and reduction in eye lesions.

Bak JF, Moller N, & Schmitz O. 1991, May). Effects of growth hormone on fuel utilization and muscle glycogen synthase activity in normal humans. Am J Physiol, 260(5 Pt 1), E736-42.

ABSTRACT:  Growth hormone increases energy expenditures and inhibits glucose oxidation in favor of increased lipid (fat) oxidation (burning).

Bhora FY, et al. (1995). Effect of growth factors on cell proliferation and epithelialization in human skin. J. Surg. Res., 59, 236-244.

ABSTRACT:  The failure of chronic wounds to heal is a major medical problem. Studies suggest an important role for growth factors in promoting wound healing. Conclusion: Fibroblast growth factor, IGF-1, and epithelial growth factor are important for wound healing.

Xu, Mardell et al. (1995). Expression of functional IgF-1 receptor on lymphoid cells. Immunology, 85, 394-9.

ABSTRACT:  “Our studies suggest that biological activities of IGF-1 include direct stimulation of immune cells, and that expression of IGF-1 receptor may have a role in the regulation of T-cell function.”

O'Sullivan U, Gluckman PD, Breier BH, Woodall S, Siddiqui RA, & McCutcheon SN. (1989, Nov). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in mice reduces weight loss during starvation. Endocrinology, 125(5), 2793-4.

ABSTRACT:  IGF-1 keeps the body from breaking down muscle (for energy) during periods of malnutrition. Muscle tissue is important to maintain (especially as you age), since it raises the metabolic rate.

Resnicoff, et al. (1994). Ethanol inhibits IGF-1 mediated signaling and proliferation. Lab Invest, 71, 6557-62.

ABSTRACT:  Ethanol at physiologically tolerated levels markedly inhibited growth of cells in response to presence of IGF-1.  (Conclusion: relatively low levels of ethanol inhibits cell mediation and differentiation - ie: growth).

Stokes, J. (1994). Insulin-like growth factors (IGF’s) mediate cell proliferation and differentiation and bind with high affinities and specificities to IGF receptors and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP’s) Am. J. Physiol.

ABSTRACT:  IGF’s are mitogens for cultured rabbit ASM cells and their actions are most likely mediated through the type 1 IGF receptors. The ASM cells secrete IGF-II and IGFBP-2, and the latter could modulate the actions of the IGF’s in these cells.

Figueroa JA, Sharma J, Jackson JG, McDermott MJ, Hilsenbeck SG, Yee D. (1993, Nov). Recombinant insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 inhibits IGF-I, serum, and estrogen-dependent growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol, 157(2), 229-36.

ABSTRACT:  Recombinant IGFBP-1 (rBP-1) on IGF-1 may serve as an antagonist of human breast cancer growth by interfering with growth factor-mediated cell proliferation.

Resnicoff, Sell, et al. (1993). Ethanol inhibits autophosphorylation of IGF-1 receptor and IGF-1 mediated proliferation. Jour. Biol. Chem., 268, 21777-82.

ABSTRACT:  Findings demonstrate that ethanol at low concentrations markedly inhibits IGF-1 receptor autophosphorylation and IGF-1 mediated cell growth.

Schwade, S.  (1992,  May). Insulin-like growth factors. Muscle & Fitness.

ABSTRACT:  This Potent Growth Stimulant Found in Mother’s Milk May Help Big Boys Grow Bigger.  Human muscle cells have a high affinity for IGF-1.

Shawn, D. (1992, Aug). Ironman.

Article on positive effects of growth factors in bovine colostrum with weight lifting and athletic endurance.

Rosenthal SM, Brown EJ, Brunetti A & Goldfine ID. (1991, May). Fibroblast growth factor inhibits insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) gene expression and increases IGF-I receptor abundance in BC3H-1 muscle cells. Mol Endocrinol, 5(5), 678-84.

ABSTRACT:  The presence of FGF (fibroblast growth factor) – in bovine colostrum – inhibits IgF-II’s ability to decrease IGF-1 receptors in muscle tissue, resulting in a 60-70% increase in IGF-1 binding.

Thissen, et. al. (1991). Evidence that pretranslational and translational defects decrease serum IGF-1 concentrations during dietary protein restriction.  Endocrinology, 129, 429-35.

ABSTRACT:  Dietary protein restriction causes GH (growth hormone) resistance and decreases IGF-1 serum levels. (Implications in loss of muscle mass related to protein depravation).

Tomas FM, Knowles SE, Owens PC, Read LC, Chandler CS, Gargosky SE, & Ballard FJ. (1991).  Increased muscle protein synthesis following treatment of diabetic rats with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Biochem Journal, 276, 547-554.

ABSTRACT:  Reported: A. Igf-1 peptides stimulate muscle protein synthesis and improve nitrogen balance. B. des (1-3) IGF-1 is at least as potent as the full length IGF-1. C. Bovine Colostrum is natural source of both factors.

Bak, Jens Friis, et al. (1991). Effects of growth hormone on fuel utilization and muscle glycogen synthase activity in normal humans. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Endocrinol. Metab. 236), E736-E742.

ABSTRACT:  Growth hormone increases energy expenditures and inhibits glucose oxidation in favor of increased lipid (fat) oxidation. GH also inhibits insulin-mediated activation of the glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle biopsies.

Breese, et. al., (1991). Influence of age and long term dietary restriction on IGF-1. Jour. Gerontology (aging), 46, B180-7.

ABSTRACT:  Study of relationship of IGF-1 and lifespan: Demonstrated a decrease in relative IGF-1 concentration with age, as well as dietary restriction. Indicates aging associated with reduced levels in plasma IGF-1 and other GH levels.” Colostrum’s IGF-1 may have implications as anti-aging.

Bricker, BS, & Daniel S. (1991, Nov). COLOSTRUM:  Implications for Accelerated Recovery in Damaged Muscle and Cartilage, Prevention of some Pathogenic Disease.The American Chiropractor.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum contains unsurpassed repair characteristics for muscle and cartilage.

Lundeberg, et.al. (1991, Mar). Growth Hormone improves Muscle Protein Metabolism. Metabolism, 40(3), 315-22.

ABSTRACT:  Human Study: GH prevented catabolism in muscle and improved whole body nitrogen economy. Investigations of the possible beneficial effects of GH to prevent skeletal muscle deterioration after surgical trauma are advocated.

Marcotty C, Frankenne F, Van Beeumen J, Maghuin-Rogister G, & Hennen G. (1991, Jun). Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) from cow colostrum: purification and characterization. Growth Regul, 1(2), 56-61.

ABSTRACT:  IgF-1 is a potent stimulator of growth and differentiation of numerous cell types. Bovine sequence identical to Human IgF-1.

Neely EK, Morhenn VB, Hintz RL, Wilson DM, Rosenfeld RG. (1991, Jan). Insulin-like growth factors are mitogenic for human keratinocytes and a squamous cell carcinoma. J. Invest. Dermatol., 96(1), 104-10.

ABSTRACT:  It appears that IGF-1 and IGF-2 are mitogens for normal and transformed human keratinocytes.

Allen R & Rankin L. (1990). Regulation of satellite cells during skeletal muscle growth and development. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 194(2), 81-6.

ABSTRACT: Reported: A. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) stimulates proliferation but depresses differentiation of muscle cell growth. B. Insulin Like Growth Factor (IGF-1) stimulates both. C. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-b) slightly depresses proliferation and inhibits differentiation. Conclusion: When administered in combination these factors induce satellite cells to grow, regenerate and proliferate. Following, these cells will fuse with one another or the adjacent muscle fiber thereby increasing myonucleus numbers for growth and repair.  All three Factors found in Bovine Colostrum.

Dohm GL, Elton CW, Raju MS, Mooney ND, DiMarchi R, Pories WJ, Flickinger EG, Atkinson SM Jr, & Caro JF. (1990). IGF-I--stimulated glucose transport in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes, 39(9),1028-32. †

ABSTRACT:  Reported that:  A. IGF-1 stimulates glucose transport and utilization.  B. IGF-1 receptors in muscle tissue is normally occurring in humans.  C. IGF-1 effective treatment for Hyperglycemia.

Ullman M, Ullman A, Sommerland H, Skottner A, & Oldfors A. (1990, Dec). Effects of growth hormone on muscle regeneration and IGF-I concentration in old rats. Acta Physiol Scand,140(4), 521-5.

ABSTRACT:  High age is associated with reduced levels of GH and IgF-1. Administration of growth hormone raises level of IgF-1 to that of young rats. With increased IgF-1, the reduced protein synthesis of old rats is restored. This results in increased or regenerated muscle tissue, and increased maximum contraction force.

Oda, Shinnichi, et al. (1989). Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, GH, Insulin and Glycogen Concentration in Bovine Colostrum and in Plasma of Dairy cows. Comparative Biochemical Physiology, 94A(4), 805-808.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostrum contains high levels of growth factors that promote normal cell growth and DNA synthesis.

Tollefsen, Lajara, McCusker, Clemmons & Rotwein. (1989, Aug). Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF) in muscle development. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(23), 13810-7.

ABSTRACT: IgF-1 is the only factor that can stimulate muscle growth and repair by itself; it eliminates catabolism and stimulates anabolism at the cellular level. IGF has role in differentiation, repair, synthesis, and their interplay with other necessary growth factors. This study suggests that both IGF-1 and IGF-2 may be autocrine factors for muscle.

Francis, Upton, Ballard, & McNeil. (1988). Insulin-Like Growth Factors 1 & 2 in Bovine Colostrum. Journal of Biochemistry, 251, 95-103.

ABSTRACT:  The sequence of bovine IGF-1 was found to be identical with that of human IGF-1. By administering bovine colostrum extracts, protein synthesis was increased and protein breakdown was reduced.

Francis. (1986). Purification and Partial Sequence Analysis of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 from Bovine Colostrum. Biochemical Journal, 233(1), 207-213.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine IgF-1 is shown to be identical to human  IgF-1. Purification process is described for extraction of IgF-1 from colostrum.

Seyedin, Thompson, Bentz, et al. (1986). Cartilage-inducing factor-A. Apparent identity to transforming growth factor-beta. Journal of Biol. Chemistry, 261,  5693-95.

ABSTRACT:  Reported on Cartilage Inducing Factor-A in colostrum and its apparent affinity to Transforming Growth Factor B (in human and bovine colostrum), and its relationship to cartilage repair.

Shimizu, Webster, Morgan, Blau & Roth. (1986).  Insulin and insulinlike growth factor receptors and responses in cultured human muscle cells. Am J Physiol, 251(5 Pt 1), E611-5.

ABSTRACT:  The presence of IGF-1 receptors in human muscle cells confirmed.

Patureau Mirand P, Mosoni L, Levieux D, Attaix D, Bayle G, & Bonnet Y. (1990). Effect of colostrum feeding on protein metabolism in the small intestine of newborn lambs. Biol. Neonate,  57(1), 30-6.

ABSTRACT:  This study reported that Colostrum stimulated intestinal protein synthesis.

Skottner, Arrhenius-Nyberg, Kanje & Fryklund. (1990). Acta Paediatric Scand. (suppl) 367, 63-66.

ABSTRACT:  A. IGF-1 resulted in significant body weight gain and significant bone growth.  B. Topical administration to wounds resulted in more effective healing.  C. Stimulated nerve regeneration.

Tokuyama H, Tokuyama Y, Migita S. (1990). Isolation of two new proteins from bovine colostrum which stimulate epidermal growth factor-dependent colony formation of NRK-49F cells. Growth Factors, 3(2), 105-114.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostrum contains biological activity similar to that of TGF-beta in that it stimulates growth of cells in the presence of EGF.  The results suggest that BC-1 and BC-2 belong to a new class of mitogen/inhibitors.

Watson DL, et al. (1990).  Factors in ruminant colostrum that influence cell growth and murine IgE antibody responses. Journal of Dairy Research, 59, 369-380.

ABSTRACT:  Researchers conclude that bovine colostrum contains cell-growth factors as well as immunomodulatory factors that are able to regulate the IgE response in a heterologous species.

Roberts, Sporn, Assoian, et al. (1986). Transforming Growth Factor Type B: Rapid Induction of Fibrosis and Angiogenisis in Vivo and Stimulation of Collagen Formation in Vitro. Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences, 83, 4167-71.

ABSTRACT:  BSC-1 growth inhibitor type B transforming factor is a strong inhibitor of thymocyte (T-lymphocyte precursor) proliferation ( presence in bovine colostrum confirmed: Noda, 1984).

Noda K, Umeda M, Ono T. (1984, Feb). Transforming growth factor activity in colostrum. Gann, 75(2),  109-112.

ABSTRACT:  Japanese researchers discovered that Transforming Growth Factors A and B (TGF A & B) in bovine colostrum were involved in normal cellular activities such as embryonic development, cell proliferation, and tissue repair.  They also reported it promoted the synthesis and repair of DNA - the master code of the cell.

Ballard, Francis, & Geoffry. (1983). Effects of Anabolic Agents on Protein Breakdown. Journal of Biochemistry, 210(1), 243-249.

ABSTRACT:  Protein degradation (breakdown) in tissue due to injury is inhibited by IGF-1 in bovine colostrum.

Sporn, et al. (1983). Polypeptide Transforming Growth Factors (TGF A & B) and Epithelial Growth Factor Isolated from Bovine Colostrum Used for Wound Healing in Vivo. Science, 219, 1329-31.

ABSTRACT:  Growth factors in bovine colostrum were found to be very effective in promoting wound healing.  Implications for trauma and surgical healing, both external and internal applications.

Ballard, Neild, Francis et al. (1982).  The Relationship Between the Insulin Content and Inhibitory Effects of Bovine Colostrum on Protein Breakdown. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 110(3), 249-254.

ABSTRACT:  Insulin-like ingredient in bovine colostrum (IgF-1) slows protein breakdown. Protein breakdown was also slowed by addition of colostrum to a cell line known to be unresponsive to insulin, indicating the presence of non-insulin growth factors in bovine colostrum.

Gil A, & Sanchez-Medina F. (1981). Acid-soluble nucleotides of cow's milk at different stages of lactation. Journal of Dairy Research, 48, 35-44.

ABSTRACT:  Bovine Colostrum was found to contain seven different nucleotides which are important for normal cell function and repair.

Klagsbrun. (1978).  Human Milk Stimulates DNA Synthesis and Cellular Proliferation in Cultured Fibroblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 75, 5057-5061.

ABSTRACT:  Growth Factors in milk showed 100 times the potency of serum when tested on fibroblasts.

LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY: The bio-identical delivery system with added health benefits

The four important phospholipids that make up our cellular membranes are phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidyl serine. Beta-lipid™ technology offers these phospholipids: The only delivery system (substance that carries components across the cellular membrane so they can work) that is an exact match to the phospholipids that surround every cell in our body. Because like attracts like, this delivery system has been shown to enable colostrum and its components to disperse properly, enhance absorption into the body, and increase the stability of the components (enabling them to remain active for a longer period of time).

Farquharson J, Jamieson EC, Abbasi KA, Patrick WJ, Logan RW, Cockburn F. 1995 Mar; Effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids of infant cerebral cortex. Arch Dis Child 72(3):198-203.

ABSTRACT:  The major cerebral cortex phospholipids consist of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. These phospholipids perform an important role in membrane function and are possibly integral to neurotransmission.

Kivinen, Anneli, Salminen, et al. (1992). Milchwisser schaft, 47(9).

ABSTRACT:  Gastroprotective effect of milk phospholipids, butter serum lipids and butter serum on ethanol and acetylsalicylic acid induced ulcers in rats. Phospholipids in cow milk protect the GI tract from ulcers.

Bitman J, & Wood DL. (1990, May). Changes in milk fat phospholipids during lactation. J Dairy Sci, 73(5), 1208-16.

ABSTRACT:  Phospholipids declined with advancing lactation, making concentrations higher in colostrum than milk. The phospholipids were separated into five major classes: sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, serine, ethanolamine, and inositol.

Bitman J, Wood DL, Mehta NR, Hamosh P, & Hamosh M. (1984, Nov). Comparison of the phospholipid composition of breast milk from mothers of term and preterm infants during lactation. Am J Clin Nutr, 40(5), 1103-19.

ABSTRACT:  Phospholipids were determined in colostrum on postpartum day 3. The classes of phospholipids in colostrum are sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, serine, inositol, and ethanolamine. Phospholipid concentration is greater in colostrum than in mature milk.

Dial EJ, et al. (1984).  A Role for Milk Phospholipids in Protection Against Gastric Acid (Studies in Adult and Suckling Rats). Gastroenterology, 87, 379-85.

ABSTRACT:  Findings suggest that milk phospholipids contain potent anti-ulcer activity.

Phosphatidyl Choline:

Cohen, B.M., Babb, S.M.,  Yurgelun-Todd, D. (1997). Brain choline uptake and cognitive function in middle age. Biol. Psych., 41, 90S.

Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine:

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman PM, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood CA, & Karmali MA. (1998, Apr). Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. J Infect Dis, 177(4), 955-61.

ABSTRACT:  Helicobacter pylori, the etiologic agent of chronic-active gastritis and duodenal ulcers in humans, binds to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a component of colostrum. These results indicate that colostrum can block the binding of Helicobacter species and other adhesin-expressing pathogens to select lipids.

Paula R, Konikoff FM, Rubin M, Ringel Y, Peled Y, Tietz A, & Gilat T. (1996, Mar).  The Effects of Dietary Phospholipids Enriched with Phosphatidylethanolamine on Bile and Red Cell Membrane Lipids in Humans. Lipids, 31(3), 295-303.

ABSTRACT:  Diets enriched in phospholipids resulted in reduced cholesterol saturation in the bile with no side effects.

Sphingomyelin:

Eckhardt ER, Wang DQ, Donovan JM, & Carey MC. (2002, Apr). Dietary sphingomyelin suppresses intestinal cholesterol absorption by decreasing thermodynamic activity of cholesterol monomers. Gastroenterology, 122(4), 948-56.

ABSTRACT:  In humans, cholesterol absorbed from the intestine contributes appreciably to serum cholesterol levels. Natural phospholipids with high affinity for cholesterol, as evidenced particularly by sphingomyelin, decrease cholesterol thermodynamic activity and curtail intestinal cholesterol absorption.

Dillehay, DL. (1994). Biochemical and Molecular Roles of Nutrients.  American Institute of Nutrition.

ABSTRACT:  Dietary Sphingomyelin Inhibits 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Cancer in CF1 Mice^1-4.  Sphingomyelin significantly reduced evidence of colon cancer.

Malmsten, M., Bergenståhl, B., Nyberg, L., & Odham, G. (1994). Sphingomyelin from Milk-Characterization of Liquid Crystalline, Liposome and Emulsion Properties. JAOCS, 71(9), 1021-1026.

Phosphatidyl Serine:

Kidd, & Parris, M. (1996). Phosphatidylserine Offers Nutritional Support For Brain Function. Vitamin Retailer, January issue.

Cenacchi T, et al.  (1993). Cognitive decline in the elderly: A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study on efficacy of phosphatidylserine administration. Aging Clin. Esp. Res. 5, 123-133. †

ABSTRACT:  Behavioral and cognitive abilities improved significantly after administration of phosphaltidylserine, a component found in milk.

Gianotti C, Porta A, De Graan PN, Oestreicher AB, & Nunzi MG. (1993, Sep-Oct). B-50/GAP-43 phosphorylation in hippocampal slices from aged rats: effects of phosphatidylserine administration. Neurobiol Aging, 14(5), 401-6.

ABSTRACT:  Repeated phosphatidylserine administration may be beneficial to the age-induced deterioration of learning and memory.

Crook TH, Tinklenberg J, Yesavage J, Petrie W, Nunzi MG, & Massari DC. (1991, May). Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology, 41(5), 644-9. †

ABSTRACT:  149 patients with age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) were treated for 12 weeks with either phosphatidylserine or placebo. Those treated with phosphatidylserine improved on performance tests related to learning and memory tasks of daily life, whereas those treated with placebo did not improve.This compound may be a promising candidate for treating memory loss in later life.

Nunzi MG, et al. (1990). Therapeutic Properties of Phosphatidylserine in the Aging Brain.  Phospholipids.

ABSTRACT: Research results may justify the use of natural phospholipids (a component found in colostrum) as a therapy for treating brain aging.

Amaducci L, & the SMID Group. (1988). Phosphatidylserine in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Results of a Multicenter Study.  Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24(1), 130-134.

Caffarra, P., & Santamaria, V. (1987). The Effects of Phosphatidylserine in Patients with Mild Cognitive Decline: An Open Trial. Clinical Trials Journal, 24(1), 109-114. †

Fünfgeld, E.W., & Nedwidek, P. (1987). Neurohomologous Phosphatidylserine in Parkinsonian Patients with Associated Disorders of Cerebral Metabolism. Clinical Trials Journal, 24(1), 42-61. †

Sinforiani E, et al. (1987). Cognitive Decline in Ageing Brain. (Therapeutic Approach with Phosphatidylserine. Clinical Trials Journal, Vol. 24(1). †

ABSTRACT:  Aging effects on brain were reduced in elderly patients after use of phosphatidylserine, a component of milk (and colostrum).

Villardita, C., Grioli, S., Salmeri, G., Nicoletti, F., & Pennisi, G. (1987). Multicentre Clinical Trial of Brain Phosphatidylserine in Elderly Patients with Intellectual Deterioration. Clinical Trials Journal, 24(1), 84-93. †

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

COLOSTRUM SURVIVES ADULT HUMAN DIGESTIVE TRACT AND WORKS ON MUCOSAL SURFACES:

An important consideration is the stability of colostrum’s immune and growth components in the digestive tract. Various studies indicate that the specific action of many components in colostrum (ie… antibodies, immunoglobulins, IGF, phospholipids…) are not adversely affected in the gastrointestinal tract, and that biological activity is retained.

Shen WH, & Xu RJ. (2000, Mar). Stability of insulin-like growth factor I in the gastrointestinal lumen in neonatal pigs. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 30(3), 299-304.

ABSTRACT:  Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) – I is present in the colostrum and milk of various species. This study shows that this IGF-1 is stable in the gastrointestinal tract and survives digestion.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, & Kelly CP. (1999, Feb). Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gut, 44(2), 212-7.

ABSTRACT:   Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate (BIC)-Clostridium difficile is prepared from the colostrum of cows immunised against C difficile toxins and contains high concentrations of neutralising IgG antitoxin. BIC-C difficile resists digestion in the human upper gastrointestinal tract, and specific anti-C difficile toxin A binding and neutralising activity was retained. Passive oral immunotherapy with colostrum (immunized against C difficile toxins) may be a useful non-antibiotic approach to the prevention and treatment of C difficile antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis.

Julius, M. (1994).Colostrum and breast milk (from cows, sheep and humans) stimulates babies own immune systems. Science News, 133, 196.

ABSTRACT: Proteins in colostrum and breast milk (not yet identified) speed the maturation of cultured B lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) and prime them for production of antibodies.

Yvon M, Levieux D, Valluy MC, Pelissier JP, & Mirand PP. (1993, Mar). Colostrum protein digestion in newborn lambs. J Nutr, 123(3), 586-96.

ABSTRACT:  The results of this study show the efficiency of colostral protein digestion. 35 % of dietary amino acids ingested as colostrum were available within four hours for amino acid metabolism.

Hanson LA, Ahlstedt S, Andersson B, et al. (1983). Mucosal Immunity. Annals of NY Academy of Sciences, 409, 1-21.

ABSTRACT:  The immune system produces immunoglobulins, antibodies, leukocytes, macrophages, interferon and other factors for defending the body. Immune factors from specialized cell groups in the bronchials and bowel travel away from their sources to coat the passages of the lungs and bowels and destroy antigens, allergens and pathogens.  Immune factors from colostrum other than immunoglobulins blocked attachment of many types of bacteria to mucus membranes. Oligosaccharides (big sugar molecules) from colostrum blocked attachment of Streptococcus pneumonococci, a major cause of lung inflammations and middle ear infections.

Swarbrick, E.T., et al. (1980). The Immunology of Infant Feeding: The Handling of Ingested Antigens, Plenum Press, NY, 13-20, 55-61.

ABSTRACT:  Dr. Swarbrick discovered that during the first 24-36 hours of a newborn’s life the bowel wall has a number of large open pores through which big immunoactive molecules from colostrum enter the system.

Tyrell, D. (1980). The Immunology of Infant Feeding: Breast Feeding and Virus Infections. Plenum Press, NY,13-20.

ABSTRACT:  The major benefit of immune factors from colostrum was shown to be their protective activity in the intestine on the walls of the bowel, and bronchials, (mucosal surfaces). Conclusion: People of all ages may benefit from colostrum.

Von Fellenberg, R. & Hoeber. (1980). Multiple Protease Inhibitors in Colostrum and In Bovine Udder Tissue and their Possible Significance. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd., 122(3), 159-168.

ABSTRACT:  Protease inhibitors in colostrum shut down the digestive enzymes that would normally digest proteins such as the immunoglobulins, allowing them to remain active as they pass into the bowel.

Sandholm, et al. (1980). Colostral Trypsin-Inhibitor Capacity in Different Animal Species. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 20(4), 469-476. 

ABSTRACT:  Bovine colostrum was found to contain a powerful trypsin-inhibitor which protects colostrum immunoglobulins from digestion.  Also, colostrum from cows is richer in immune factors and inhibitor than colostrum from humans.

Pineo, A. et al. (1975).  Biochemical Biophysiology Acta (Amsterdam), 379, 201-206.

ABSTRACT:  Research by Drs. Pineo, Ortego, and Uriel in 1975 discovered a special glycoprotein in cow colostrum. They found it had “Protease Inhibitor Activity” that was extremely effective at protecting the immune and growth factors in colostrum from destruction by digestive acids pancreatic enzymes in the adult human stomach.

Service (1994, Sept 9). Research News: Triggering the First line of Defense. Science, 265, 1522-4.

ABSTRACT:  New oral vaccines to be developed that activate the mucosal immunity, the bodies first chance to ward off infection. This is important in prevention of disease; IgA is very effective at picking up invaders before they gain entry to the body. Studies prove that vaccines made with similar bugs that infect animals can confer protection to humans against challenges.

Ulcova-Gallova, Fialova, & Krauz. (1994, May). Clinical Study: Cas Lek. Cesk. 133(9), 275-6.

ABSTRACT:  A. Immunofactors present in bovine colostrum are: IgG, IgM, IgA, sIgA, SCIgA, C3, C4, Orosormucoid, Prealbumin, Alpha 1- antitrypsin, Alpha-1 fetoprotein, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin, Alpha 2- AP Glycoprotein, and, IgE.   B. An important immunological liquid with proven bacteriostatic and viral inhibitory activity preventing penetration of pathogenic microorganisms and absorption of potential allergens into the digestive tract.

Preston, R. (1987). Bovine Colostrum: Human consumption - Efficacy and effects. International Institute of Nutritional Research. †

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum found to be safe, effective via oral administration, no known contradictions or overdoses.

Bouda, et al. (1987). Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in the Colostrum of Cows Veterinari Medicina, 32(3), 35-44.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum of the first milking after calving has the greatest Trypsin Activity. (This inhibitor is effective in neutralizing digestive acids and enzymes in human digestive system to allow colostrum to reach intestinal area).

Waldman, et al. (1983). Annals of NY Academic Science, 409, 510-515.

ABSTRACT:  Since most infectious diseases enter the body through or remain localized on mucosal surfaces, in order to be healthy, we must be able to combat disease causing organisms where most of them attack us; which is on the mucous membranes of the intestinal tract.” (This is where colostrum does most of its work).

Ogram, Pearay, et al. (1983).  Colostrum Derived Immunity and Maternal Neonatal Interaction. Annals of NY Academy of Sciences, 409, 82-92.

ABSTRACT:  Peyer’s patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them.  In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother’s colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, V. cholera, Bacteriodes Fragilis, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Bordtella Petussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium Tetani, Streptococcus Mutans and Candida albicans.

Eldridge, J.H. et al. (1983).  Peyer’s Patches accessory Cells Bear I-1. Annals of NY Academy of Sciences, 409, 819-821.

ABSTRACT:  Groups of cells in the mucosa of the intestinal tract, known as Peyer’s patches, produce and absorb immune factors.

Colostrum:  Implications in improving gastrointestinal health and preventing disease

Leaky Gut Syndrome or Intestinal Permeability:

Farhadi A, Banan A, Fields J, & Keshavarzian A. (2003, May). Intestinal barrier: An interface between health and disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 18(5), 479-497.

ABSTRACT:  The intestine constitutes the largest interface between a person and his or her environment, and an intact intestinal barrier is thus essential in maintaining health and preventing tissue injury and several diseases. The intestinal barrier has various immunological components. Hyperpermeability of the epithelial barrier is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and food allergy.

Blattler U, Hammon HM, Morel C, Philipona C, Rauprich A, Rome V, Le Huerou-Luron I, Guilloteau P, & Blum JW. (2001, Apr). Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. J Nutr, 131(4), 1256-63.

ABSTRACT:  We studied the effects of amounts of colostrum consumed on intestinal morphology and proliferation and digestive enzyme activities in neonatal calves. Colostrum intake differentially affected intestinal epithelial surface and proliferation and enzyme activities. Feeding high amounts of first colostrum seemed to enhance the survival of mature mucosal epithelial cells in selected parts of the small intestine, whereas the lack of colostrum seemed to decrease epithelial growth.

Playford RJ, MacDonald CE, Calnan DP, Floyd DN, Podas T, Johnson W, Wicks AC, Bashir O, & Marchbank T. (2001, Jun). Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability. Clin Sci (Lond), 100(6), 627-33. †

ABSTRACT:  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective analgesics, but cause gastrointestinal injury. Present prophylactic measures are suboptimal; novel therapies are required. Bovine colostrum is an inexpensive, readily-available source of growth factors, which reduces gastrointestinal injury in rats and mice. We therefore examined whether spray-dried, defatted colostrum could reduce the rise in gut permeability (a non-invasive marker of intestinal injury) caused by NSAIDs in volunteers and patients taking NSAIDs for clinical reasons. These studies provide preliminary evidence that bovine colostrum, which is already currently available as an over-the-counter preparation, may provide a novel approach to the prevention of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage in humans.

Hollander D. (1999, Oct). Intestinal permeability, leaky gut, and intestinal disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 1(5), 410-6.

ABSTRACT:   A major task of the intestine is to form a defensive barrier to prevent absorption of damaging substances from the external environment. This protective function of the intestinal mucosa is called permeability.  Ample evidence indicates that permeability is increased in most patients with Crohn's disease. Permeability is also increased in celiac disease and by trauma, burns, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Galland L. (1995, Aug-Sept). Leaky Gut Syndromes: Breaking the Vicious Cycle. Townsend Letter for Doctors.

ABSTRACT:  Leaky Gut Syndromes are usually provoked by exposure to substances which damage the integrity of the intestinal mucosa... causes of damage are infectious agents (viral, bacterial and protozoan),^43-46 ethanol,^47,48 and NSAIDs.^20,49,50 Hypoxia of the,^51,52 elevated levels of reactive oxygen metabolites,⁵³ and cytotoxic drugs^54-56 also increased para-cellular permeability.”  “Altered intestinal permeability is a key element in the pathogenisis of many different diseases. Hyperpermeability initiates a vicious cycle in which allergic sensitization, endotoxic immune activation, hepatic dysfunction, pancreatic insufficiency and malnutrition occur; each of these increases leakiness of the small bowl. Effective treatment of the Leaky Gut Syndromes requires several components: avoidance of enterotoxic drugs and allergic foods, elimination of infection or bacterial overgrowth with antimicrobial and probiotics, and dietary supplementation with trophic nutrients.”

Lim SG, Menzies IS, Lee CA, Johnson MA,  Pounder RE. (1993). Intestinal Permeability and functioning in patients infected with HIV. Scand J Gastroenterol, 28(7), 573-80.

ABSTRACT:  The data indicate that abnormal permeability and reduced intestinal absorption are common in HIV patients, especially in the presence of diarrhea. This is similar to the alterations seen in coeliac disease.

Ohri SK, Bjarnason I, et al. (1993). Cardiopulmonary bypass impairs small intestine transport and increases gut permeability. Ann Thorac Surg, 55(5), 1080-6.

ABSTRACT:  Gastrointestinal damage occurs in 0.6% to 2% of patients after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and carries a mortality of 12% to 67%. The incidence of subclinical gastrointestinal damage may be much greater.

van der Hulst RR, van Kreel BK, et al. (1993). Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet, 341(8857), 1363-5.

ABSTRACT: Animal studies show that the structure and function of the gut is preserved by glutamine. The addition of glutamine to parenteral nutrition prevents deterioration of gut permeability and preserves mucosal structure.

Batash S, Weinshel E, et al. (1992, May). Intestinal permeability in HIV infection: proper controls are necessary. Am J Gastroenterology, 87(5), 680.

ABSTRACT:  HIV infection can lead to increased intestinal permeability and absorption. Some methods of control are discussed.

Hazenburg MP, Klasen IS, et al. (1992). Are intestinal bacteria involved in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis? Review Article. APMIS, 100(1), 1-9.

ABSTRACT:  Observations in bowel-related joint diseases give support to this hypothesis. In Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the bowel wall inflammation is complicated in about 20% of the patients by joint inflammation. Bowel infection by Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia can provoke joint inflammation and supports an etiological link between bowel bacteria and arthritis.

Bloembergen P, Hofhuis FM, Hol C, & van Dijk H. (1990). Endotoxin induced autoimmunity in mice. Arch Allergy Appl Immol., 92(2), 124-30.

ABSTRACT:  An auto-immune response can be provoked by various endotoxins, such as E. coli and Salmonella. The potency of the endotoxin will affect the auto-immune phenomena.

Crissinger, KD, Kvietys PR, & Granger DN. (1990). Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal mucosal permeability. J Intern Med Suppl, 732, 145-54.

ABSTRACT: There is evidence to suggest that the restrictive properties of the gastrointestinal mucosa are significantly altered under various physiological and pathological conditions. The measurement of plasma (or luminal) clearances of water-soluble molecules has proved to be a popular method for studying intestinal permeability.

Deitch, E. A. (1990, Mar). The role of intestinal barrier failure and bacterial translocation in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure. Arch Surgery, 125(3), 403-4.

ABSTRACT:  The gastrointestinal tract is recognized as having important endocrine, metabolic, immunologic, and barrier functions, as well as its traditional role in nutrient absorption. Intestinal barrier failure can play a role in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure.

Grisham MB, Gaginella TS, von Ritter C, Tamai H, Be RM, & Granger DN. (1990). Effects of neutrophil-derived oxidants on intestinal permeability, electrolyte transport and epithelial cell viability. Inflammation,14(5), 531-42.

ABSTRACT:  Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-derived oxidants (in colostrum) may mediate the enhanced mucosal permeability, electrolyte transport, and epithelial cell injury associated with acute inflammation of the bowel.

Klimberg VS, Salloum RM, et al. (1990). Oral Glutamine accelerates healing of the small intestine and improves outcome after abdominal radiation. Arch Surg, 125(8), 1040-5.

ABSTRACT:  Oral glutamine after abdominal radiation supports gut glutamine metabolism, and decreases morbidity associated with this radiation. (Colostrum taken orally can increase the body’s production of glutamine).

Mielants, H., 1990, Clin Exp Rheumatol, Vol 8(5) p 523-4; ‘Reflections on the link between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease.

ABSTRACT:  Review of previous research documenting the role that intestinal permeability may play in inflammatory joint disease.

Pironi L, Miglioli M, Ruggeri E, Levorato M, Dallasta MA, Corbelli C, Nibali MG, & Barbara L. (1990). Relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory activity in asymptomatic patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci, 35(5), 582-8.

ABSTRACT:  There is a correlation between increased intestinal permeability and inflammatory activity for Crohn’s patients.

Rooney PJ, Jenkins RT, & Buchanan WW. (1990). A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 8(1), 75-83.

ABSTRACT: Studies are reviewed that support the hypothesis that the gut is the likely source of the antigens causing inflammatory arthritis.

Spaeth G, Berg RD, Specian RD, & Deitch EA. (1990). Food without fiber promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surg, 108(2), 240-6.

ABSTRACT:  The oral administration of fiber maintains intestinal barrier function even in the absence of oral nutrients.  Although a diet rich in cellulose fiber improved intestinal barrier function, it did not prevent bacterial overgrowth. (This bacterial overgrowth may respond to colostrum and/or probiotics).

Katz KD & Hollander D. (1989). Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol, 3(2), 271-84.

ABSTRACT:  The normal intestine absorbs nutrients and excludes the remaining material. If the intestine were less discriminating or 'leaky', then material normally excluded would be able to cross the intestinal mucosa into the lamina propria. An inflammatory response to these antigens, be they dietary, bacterial, or viral in origin, could produce either local or systemic disease. This would depend upon the type of immunological response and the cross-reactivity between the host's antigens and the absorbed antigens. This theory could account for the postulated relationship between intestinal abnormalities and the pathogenesis of some forms of arthritis.

Wood NC, Hamilton I, Axon AT, Khan SA, Quirke P, Mindham RH, McGuigan K, & Prison HM. (1987, Jun). Abnormal intestinal permeability. An aetiological factor in chronic psychiatric disorders? Br J Psychiatry, 150, 853-6.

ABSTRACT:  Abnormal intestinal absorption has been suggested as an aetiological factor in schizophrenia. This study confirms abnormal intestinal permeability in patients with mental illness, which could not be attributed to established bowel disease.

Jenkins RT, Rooney PJ, Jones DB, Bienenstock J, & Goodacre RL. (1987, Apr). Increased intestinal permeability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a side-effect of oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy? Br J Rheumatol, 26(2), 103-7.

ABSTRACT:  In this study, 79% of patients taking prescribed NSAIDs displayed increased intestinal permeability, whereas 86% of patients not taking NSAIDs had normal results. More studies will need to determine if the increase in intestinal permeability is due to the RA disease process or due to therapy with oral NSAIDs alone.

Hamilton I, Fairris GM, Rothwell J, Cunliffe WJ, Dixon MF, & Axon AT. (1985, Sep). Small intestinal permeability in dermatological disease Q J Med, 56(221), 559-67.

ABSTRACT:  Abnormal intestinal permeability, resulting in increased absorption of macromolecules from the gut lumen, may be a sensitive manifestation of gluten-sensitive enteropathy.

Dohan FC, Harper EH, Clark MH, Rodrigue RB, & Zigas V. (1984). Schizophrenia is rare if grain is rare. Biol Psychiatry, 19(3), 385-99.

ABSTRACT:  Grain glutens (wheat, barley, beer and rice) appear to be harmful to schizophrenics. Western cultures consume these glutens, and higher prevalence of chronic schizophrenia.

Bjarnason I, Peters TJ, & Wise RJ. (1984). The leaky gut of alcoholism: the route of entry for toxic compounds. Lancet, 1(8370), 179-82.

ABSTRACT:  The results of this study indicate that consumption of alcohol correlates with increased intestinal permeability, especially in the small bowel. This may account for some of the extraintestinal tissue damage common in alcoholic patients.

Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, Ferrett J, & MacDonald DM. (1981, Jun). Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Lancet, 1(8233), 1285-6.

ABSTRACT:  The results of this study suggest that individuals with eczema (with or without food allergies) have an increase in intestinal permeability in the small bowel or in the colon. Molecules with larger molecular weight were allowed to pass through the mucosal surface of the GI tract.

Doe, WF. (1979). An overview of intestinal immunity and malabsorption. Am J Med, 67(6), 1077-84.

ABSTRACT:  Specialized forms of antibody, secretory IgA and IgM, provide humoral immunity. Secretory IgA antibody (in colostrum) can neutralize viruses, bacteria and toxins, and appears to block entry of some food antigens into the lamina propria.

Auto-Immune (Allergies, Rheumatoid Arthritis, MS, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Lupus, etc.):

Bottcher MF, Jenmalm MC, Bjorksten B, & Garofalo RP. (2000, May). Chemoattractant factors in breast milk from allergic and nonallergic mothers. Pediatr Res, 47(5), 592-7.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of chemokines and cytokines that are chemotactic to cells involved in allergic reactions in breast milk from allergic and nonallergic mothers. The concentrations of IL-8 and RANTES were higher in breast milk from allergic, compared with nonallergic, mothers.

Rona, Z. (1998, Mar). PRP from colostrum can work as a regulatory substance of the thymus gland. The American Journal of Natural Medicine.

ABSTRACT:  PRP It has been demonstrated to improve or eliminate symptomatology of both allergies and autoimmune diseases (MS, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, myasthenia gravis). PRP inhibits the overproduction of lymphocytes and T-cells and reduces the major symptoms of allergies and autoimmune disease....

Janusz M & Lisowski J. (1993).  Proline-rich polypeptide (PRP)--an immunomodulatory peptide from colostrum. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz), 41(5-6), 275-9.

ABSTRACT:  Findings:  A. New immunomodulatory peptide found in bovine colostrum: Proline-Rich Polypeptide (PRP).  B. Not Species specific (transferable to human use).  C. PRP increases permeability of skin vessels.  D. Causes differentiation of murine thymocytes into functionally active T cells.  E. Simultaneously changes surface markers and function of cells.   F. Results shown in treatment of auto-immune disorders and sarcoma S-180 (cancer).  G. Important Immune modulator: stimulates underactive immune system, tones down an overactive one.

Kaufman. (1992, May). Virus Hunter (Paul Cheney). American Health, 33.

ABSTRACT:  Paul Cheney, known as Dr. Chronic Fatigue, says chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an immune system disease caused by a retrovirus.

Collins AM, Roberton DM, Hosking CS, & Flannery GR. (1991).  Bovine milk, including pasteurised milk, contains antibodies directed against allergens of clinical importance to man. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 96(4), 362-7.

ABSTRACT:  Oral immunization with bovine colostrum and milk may lead to production of antibodies against allergens of importance in human atopic disease, such as ryegrass pollen, house dust mites, Aspergillus mould and wheat proteins.

Zimecki M, Hraba T, Janusz M, Lisowski J, & Wieczorek Z. (1991). Effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the development of hemolytic anemia and survival of New Zealand black (NZB) mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 39(5-6), 461-7.

ABSTRACT:  The data indicate that PRP may have a therapeutical value in treatment of autoimmune disorders, e.g. the juvenile arthritis. PRP may induce, from a precursor pool of cells, suppressor cells controlling development of the disease.

Julius MH, Janusz M, & Lisowski J. (1988, Mar). A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology, 140, 1366-71.

ABSTRACT:  PRP (Proline-rich Polypeptide) is the first protein of mammalian origin that induces the growth and differentiation of reacting B lymphocytes. PRP has been isolated from sheep and (cows) colostrum. PRP is not species specific. Spleanocytes from neonatal mice responded robustly to PRP with the growth and differentiation of contained B cells to plaque formation. PRP did not induce detectable Ig isotype switching.

Walker WA. (1987, Nov). Pathophysiology of intestinal uptake and absorption of antigens in food allergy. Ann Allergy, 59(5 Pt 2), 7-16.

ABSTRACT:  The consequences of altered defense within the gastrointestinal tract (ie.. increased intestinal permeability) are susceptibility to infection and the potential for hypersensitivity reactions and the formation of immune complexes. With these reactions comes the potential for developing life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and hepatitis. Fortunately, nature has provided a means for passively protecting the "vulnerable" newborn against the dangers of a deficient intestinal defense system: human milk. It is now increasingly apparent that human milk contains not only antibodies and viable leukocytes, but many other substances that can interfere with bacterial colonization and prevent antigen penetration.

Radosevich JK, Scott GH, & Olson GB. (1985, Apr). Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses induced by bovine colostral components. Am J Vet Res, 46(4), 875-8.

ABSTRACT:  The findings indicated that colostral components were important in the process of cell-mediated immunity. Allergies occur when you are hypersensitive to potential allergens in your surrounding; colostrum passively transfers components to delay and/or reduce hypersensitivity.

Staroscik K, Janusz M, Zimecki M, Wieczorek Z, & Lisowski J. (1983). Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. Molecular Immunology, 20(12), 1277-82.

ABSTRACT:  Dr. Starosik and associates at the Institute of Immunology at Wroclaw, Poland, discovered a small protein chain Polyprotein-rich Peptide (PRP) of 9 amino acids in colostrum. This chain has the same ability to regulate the activity of the immune system as the hormones of the thymus gland. It activates an underactive immune system, helping it move into action against disease-causing organisms. PRP also suppresses an overactive immune system, such as is often seen in the autoimmune diseases. PRP is highly anti-inflammatory and also appears to act on T-cell precursors to produce helper T-cells and suppresser T-cells. The effect is similar to that of thymus hormones.

Crago SS & Mestecky J. (1983). Immunoinhibitory elements in human colostrum. Survey of Immunology. Res., 2(2), 164-169.

ABSTRACT:  A protein substance was found in colostrum which inhibits the overproduction of lymphocytes stimulated by antigens and mitogens and may reduce symptoms associated with allergic reactions.

Tortora, Funke, & Cast. (1982). Specific defenses of the host: Immunology. Microbiology, 403-405.

ABSTRACT:  B-cells of the immune system produce immunoglobulins/antibodies. IgE (immunoglobulin) is thought to be responsible for regulating allergic response; IgE found in Bovine colostrum.

Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, et al. (1981, June 13). Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Eczema and Food Allergy. The Lancet, 1(8233), 1285-86.

ABSTRACT: Results suggest that there is an intestinal mucosal defect in eczema which exists whether or not there is coexistent food allergy.

Petzoldt K,  & von Benten C. (1978). Passive allergisation of calves and lambs due to colostral antibodies. Ann Rech Vet, 9(2), 235-8.

ABSTRACT:  This study demonstrates that newborn calves were passively sensitized by oral intake of maternal anaphylactic antibodies.

Diabetes:

Pennisi. (1995, Jan 15). Immune therapy stems diabetes progress. Science News, 37(1), 145.

ABSTRACT: Researchers report that mice treated with the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody have been able to resume normal regulation of their blood sugar. The results of treatment are the first known to induce remission of the development of diabetes and have kept the mice free of the disease.

(1993, Nov 15). A new way to fight Diabetes. Newsweek,  73.

ABSTRACT:  Researchers at UCLA and Stanford show diabetes can be caused by an allergic reaction to a protein called GAD; immune systems in diabetics turn against other antigens as well. A single injection produced tolerance to GAD in mice eliminating the diseases process.

Dohm GL, Elton CW, Raju MS, Mooney ND, DiMarchi R, Pories WJ, Flickinger EG, Atkinson SM Jr, & Caro JF. (1990). IGF-I--stimulated glucose transport in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes, 39(9),1028-32.

ABSTRACT:  Igf-1 found in bovine colostrum (identical to human) can provide an effective acute treatment for Hyperglycemia. Igf-1 can be an effective alternative to insulin in stimulating transport in diabetic muscle. Plasma levels of IgF-1 in diabetic patients is lower than in nondiabetic groups. IgF-1 receptors present in human muscles. IgF binding is 24% that of insulin. IgF-1 stimulated glucose transport twofold.  Did not stimulate transport in obese subjects

Cancer:

Parodi, PW. (1996,.Apr). Milk fat components:  possible chemopreventive agents for cancer and other diseases. The Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, 51.

ABSTRACT:  Evidence suggests that milk lipids (fat) contain cancer fighting components.

National Cancer Institute. (1995, Feb 6). Quiet Strides in the War on Cancer. Business Week.

ABSTRACT:  National Cancer Institute researcher Steven A. Rosenberg became a media sensation when he achieved success with cancer patients in 1985 using an experimental technique called immunotherapy. “Since cancers can invade the immune system, why not load the body with killer immune cells, along with special chemical messengers called Cytokines that give the body an extra kick.” Treatments partially successful. More trials ongoing. Cytokine for cancer vaccines is the largest single protocol under study today.

Hakansson, et al. (1995, Aug).  Research Study: Lund University, Stockholm, Sweden. Proceedings, the Nation Academy of the Sciences, 92, 8064-8068.

ABSTRACT:  Study showed in vitro effect of ingredient in human milk and colostrum: multimeric a-lactalbumin caused lung cancer (transformed epithelial cells) to create selective suicide (apoptosis). The normal surrounding cells were unaffected. Conclusion: multimeric a-lactalbumin - is a potent Ca2+ -elevating and apoptosis-inducing agent with broad, yet selective, cytotoxic activity.

Dillehay, DL. (1994). Biochemical and Molecular Roles of Nutrients.  American Institute of Nutrition.

ABSTRACT:  Dietary Sphingomyelin Inhibits 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Cancer in CF1 Mice^1-4.  Sphingomyelin significantly reduced evidence of colon cancer.

Tokuyama & Tokuyama. (1993).  Purification and identification of TGF-beta 2-related growth factor from bovine colostrum. Jour.Dairy Res., 60(1), 99-109.

ABSTRACT:  From Dept. of Nuclear Medicine it is reported:  A. Bovine Colostrum contains TGF-B.  B. Exerts positive regulatory effects on accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins.  C. Suppressive effect on cytotoxic monocytes.  D. Potent inhibiting effect on the generation of cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, NK and LAK cells.  E. ANTI INFLAMMATORY.   F. Inhibits anchorage dependent cell growth of human osteosarcoma (cancer) cells (75% inhibition).  G. Mediator of fibrosis and angiogenisis ( Roberts et al., 1986), wound healing (Sporn et al.., 1983) and bone formation (Centrella et al., 1987).

Tokuyama H, Tokuyama Y, & Migita S. (1990). Isolation of two new proteins from bovine colostrum which stimulate epidermal growth factor-dependent colony formation of NRK-49F cells. Growth Factors, 3(2), 105-14.

ABSTRACT:  Reported two new Proteins discovered in Bovine Colostrum: BC-1 and BC-2. These results suggest that BC-1 and BC-2 belong to a new class of mitogen/inhibitors, though their biological activities resemble those of TGF-beta. These proteins showed inhibitory effect on some sarcoma (cancer) tumor cell lines in sutro.

Tokuyama & Tokuyama. (1989). Bovine Colostric Transforming Growth Factor-B-Like peptide induces growth inhibition and changes morphology of human osteogenic sarcoma (cancer) cells. Cellular Biology, Report 13, 251-258.

ABSTRACT:  TgF B, a growth factor in bovine colostrum, produced cell destruction in certain human cancer (sarcoma) cells in cell culture growth experiments in Japan.

Moro, et al. (1985). Natural Killer Cells in Human Colostrum. Cellular Immunology, 93(2), 467-74.

ABSTRACT:  Approximately 0.5% of colostral cells were identified as natural killer cells, of two morphological types.

Paulik, et al. (1985). “ Lysozyme in the Colostrum and Blood of Calves of Diary Cows. Veterinari Medicina, 30(1), 21-28.

ABSTRACT:  Lysozyme in bovine (and human) colostrum is the enzyme present in egg white, tears, saliva and other body fluids that kills bacteria by dissolving their cell walls.

Wada et al. (1980). Neutralizing Activity Against Clostridium Difficile Toxins in the Supernatants of Cultured Colostral Cells. Infection and Immunity, 29, 545-550.

ABSTRACT:  Colostrum’s immune factors neutralize crude toxins.

Heart Disease:

Groziak SM, & Miller GD. (2000, Nov). Natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum: effects on the arterial blood pressure system. Br J Nutr, 84 Suppl 1, S119-25.

ABSTRACT:  High blood pressure is a significant public health problem worldwide which is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and renal disease. The results of many studies have linked increased consumption of milk and milk products with lower blood pressure and reduced risk of hypertension. Peptides formed during the digestion of milk proteins have also been demonstrated to have a blood pressure lowering effect.

Herzberg M. (of Univ. of Minnesota) as reported by Tim Friend. (1998, Feb 17). Gum disease linked to heart illness. USA TODAY.

ABSTRACT:  “The most common strain of bacteria in dental plaque can cause blood clots that induce heart attacks when they escape into the bloodstream...  In lab tests... the bacteria caused blood clots to form within minutes. Chronic inflammation of the gums due to plaque also could be involved in the inflammation of the lining of the blood vessels that is known to lead to the build-up of plaque in the arteries... Additional studies... show that bacteria in plaque also are linked to: ...invective endocarditis, Lung infections..., a weakened immune system that can slow wound healing and diminish a person’s response to vaccines against hepatitis B and influenza, [And] a higher risk of giving birth to premature, low-birth weight infants.”

Wagner N. (1996, Jun 1). Utah Study: Bacteria May Cause Heart Disease. The Salt Lake Tribune.

ABSTRACT:  Utah scientists found evidence for another possible cause [of heart disease]. The finding may play a large roll in the treatment and prevention of heart disease.  What they found surprised them: 79 percent of the patients had a type of chlamydia bacteria in their coronary arteries.  We thought we’d find evidence of chlamydia in [only] 20 to 30 percent, said Jeffrey L. Anderson, director of cardiology at LDS Hospital. ...the team said it was too early to tell whether the bacteria actually cause arteriosclerosis...”

Lange S. (1994, Apr.21). Immune Mechanisms of cardiac disease. New England Journal Of Medicine, 330(7), 1129.

ABSTRACT:  “Many cardiac diseases are the result of immune sensitization to cardiac antigens. Such immune mediated injury results in the presence of inflammatory cells within the myocardium, leading to myocarditis. Cellular, rather than humoral (antibody based), immunity has been the target of most of the research conducted on immune-related heart disease, with lymphocytes and macrophages being the predominant infiltrating cells. Cardiac disease associated with immune mechanisms include giant-cell-associated cardiomyopathy and primary idiopathic myocarditis. Research aimed at discovering the mechanisms by which the myocardium affected muscle cell functions and rearranged myocardial cell architecture has greatly increased the medical community’s knowledge of the immune mechanisms of heart disease. The development of successful drug therapy for such conditions is now considered possible.”

Herpes:

Isaacs, et al. (1995, Apr). Science, 231.

ABSTRACT:  Reporting in Experimental Biology: teams confirmed colostrum delivers not just antibodies but a battery of  infection-fighting agents. Among them is retinoic acids, a Vitamin A derivative. Dr. Charles E. Isaacs et al. at New York State Institute for Basic Research on Staten Island, NY, infected culture cells with herpesvirus. His findings were that only retinoic acids conferred protection and reduced colonization. He concluded that while retinoic acids were not a cure, it effectively reduced the herpes virus to levels ( 1/100 to 1/10,000 viruses remained active after treatment ) where the bodies immune system could fight off an outbreak.

Raloff. (1995, Apr 15).  More Ways Mother’s milk fights disease. Science News, 147(1), 231.

ABSTRACT:  Contains Retinoic Acid which helps baby fight herpesvirus. The glycoprotein kappa casein protects against bacteria that causes stomach ulcers (Retinoic acid and kappa casein found in colostrum).

Kohl S & Loo LS. (1984, Jan). The relative role of transplacental and milk immune transfer in protection against lethal neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in mice. J Infect Dis, 149(1), 38-42.

ABSTRACT:  Mothers pass on passive immunity to herpes simplex virus (HSV) to their young through breast milk and colostrum. This study shows that maternal breast milk, not transplacentally derived antibody, protects neonates from low-dose HSV infection.

Kohl S, Pickering LK, Cleary TG, Steinmetz KD, & Loo LS. (1980, Dec) Human colostral cytotoxicity. Relative defects in colostral leukocyte cytotoxicity and inhibition of peripheral blood leukocyte cytotoxicity by colostrum. J Infect Dis, 142(6), 884-91.

ABSTRACT:  Colostral cells have been previously shown to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to herpes simplex virus-infected cells. Lymphocytes, monocyte macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from peripheral blood and incubated with colostrum from virus-immune or nonimmune women markedly inhibited ADCC.

Kohl S. et al. (1978). Human Colostral Cytotoxicity: Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Against  Herpes Simplex-Infected Cells Mediated by Colostral Cells. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 1(3), 221-224.

ABSTRACT:  Colostral cells along with antibody were found to destroy herpes simplex-infected cells.

Rouse BT, et al. (1976). Antibody-dependent Cell-Mediated Cytoxtoxicity in Cows: Comparison of Effector Cell Activity Against Heterologous Erythrocyte and Herpes-Virus-Infected Bovine Target Cells. Infection and Immunity, 13, 1433. †

ABSTRACT:  Bovine leukocytes have antibody dependent cell-mediated Cytotoxicity against bovine herpesvirus.” Bovine Colostral cells with antibody were able to kill cells infected with herpes simplex in vivo.”

Albano A, De Donato S, & Chiummo G. (1972, Jan-Feb). On antiviral antibodies in colostrum and milk. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 51(1), 81-9.

ABSTRACT:  This study identifies various viruses, including Herpes Simplex and Enterovirus B, for which colostrum and milk have antibodies.

Aids (and related host infections):

Harmsen, et al. (1995). Antiviral effects of plasma and milk proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus HIV and human cytomegalovirus HCMV in vitro. Jour. Infectious Disease, 172, 380-8.

ABSTRACT:  Only native and conformationally intact Lactoferrin from bovine colostrum or human milk could completely block Cytomegalovirus infection. Moreover, native Lactoferrin also inhibited the HIV-1 induced cytopathic effect. When negatively charged groups were added to Lactoferrin by succinylation there was a 4-fold increased anti-viral effect on HIV. Lactoferrin likely exerts its effect at the level of virus absorption or penetration (or both), because after cytomegalovirus penetrated cellular tissue the ongoing infection could not be further inhibited.

Nowa & McMichael. (1995, Aug). How HIV defeats the Immune System. Scientific American, 58-65.

ABSTRACT:  Continuous and dangerous evolution of HIV virus underlies body and medical sciences inability to find means to defeat. Vaccines not effective, virus mutates too quickly and there are too many mutant variations. Reducing viral levels in the body and stimulating natural immune capabilities have the most promise to help natural immune system contain the virus.

Deseret News, SLC, Utah, (1995, Apr 6). Component of Human Milk Blocks HIV infection.

ABSTRACT:  Research reported in the March issue of the Journal Of Nutrition by David Newburg, of the Harvard Medical School, reported a component called chondroitin sulfate blocks the binding of HIV to its host cell receptor. This could limit the postnatal  transmission of HIV in breast fed infants of HIV infected mothers.

Fisher,J. (1994, Nov-Dec). Book Review: The Plague Makers by Simon And Schuster, NY. Futurist.

ABSTRACT:  Antibiotics taken in successive and prolonged doses may suppress the immune system enough to allow unusual forms of mycoplasma bacteria to develop.  These bacteria interact with HIV to form AIDS.  Antibiotics act as catalyst for the process. This article warns against the reliance on antibiotics and suggests alternative means to stimulate immune response.

Flanigan TP. (1994). Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cryptosporidiosis: protective immune responses. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 50(5 Suppl), 29-35.

ABSTRACT:   Cryptosporidium parvum is an ubiquitous protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal track, leading to enteritis. The course of the disease is closely linked to the immunocompetence of the host. Secretory IgA may be responsible for recovery from infection or may only be a marker for an effective immune response at the mucosal surface.

New Scientist, (1994 Jan 8). †

ABSTRACT:  Reported an Australian Co. has been involved in successful human trials with an oral administration of over 500 patients in hospitals in India, Hong Kong and Australia with hyperimmune colostrum specific for rotavirus, a diarrhea-causing virus, rampant in third world countries but common in developed countries also.

Plettenberg, et al. (1993). Clinical Investigator, 71, 42-45. †

ABSTRACT:  Open study of  25 AIDS patients with cryptosporidiosis were treated with a daily oral dose of 10g of bovine colostrum for 10 day period.  Complete remission reported in 40% and a partial remission in 24% of patients described.   Treatment is judged overall: effective.

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